But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. They are, in effect, unintended positive consequences. The scope of government in the ancient polis involved the comprehensive regulation of the ends of human existence. Fortunately, New York City has significantly scaled back its use of this practice because researchers and activists have brought these latent dysfunctions to light. An unscrupulous government, for example, may use reports of bias in the media as justification for taking over or heavily influencing all media outlets, leading to a reduced ability for people to scrutinize the government and express themselves through media (Elster, 1990). If the interests that compete in the political process are too narrow or restricted, efforts may be made to control or change the rules of competition. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action. Both manifest and latent functions can be positive or negative. Latent functions include anything from using newspaper to start a fire to using a water bottle filled with frozen water as an ice pack. In this theory, both the structure of society and the functions of each part of society are important. please use your own words ( don't copy and paste from website for plagiarisim reasons) Is religion. The thing about latent functions is that they often go unnoticed or uncredited, that is unless they produce negative outcomes. Latent functions are less obvious or unintended consequences. This can help people to forget their troubles and to focus on something else. Just like most things, family time has . Manifest functions are generally expected from the institutions to be fulfilled. Contrasting with both manifest and latent functions are dysfunctions, a type of unintended outcome that is harmful in nature. Social structure are the norms, roles, and patterns that influence individual behavior. As part of his functionalist perspective on society, Merton took a close look at social actions and their effects and found that manifest functions could be defined very specifically as the beneficial effects of conscious and deliberate actions. American sociologist Robert K. Merton laid out his theory of manifest function (and latent function and dysfunction too) in his 1949 bookSocial Theory and Social Structure. Of course, these are manifest functions of this legislation, and indeed the government desires this motive to be ascribed to its legislation. What is an example of a manifest function? The first aim of government is to secure the right to life; this comprehends the safety of fellow citizens as regards one another and the self-preservation of the country as regards foreign powers. More casually, this means the reason why something is done. A. the formation of party machines. The positive consequence of this can be that people have access to quality medical care and are able to lead healthier lives. - Definition & Explanation, Principle of Conditioning: Definition & Explanation, Adult ADHD: Symptoms, Medication & Treatment, Mandatory Reading List for Psychology 316: Advanced Social Psychology, Brown-Peterson Task: Technique & Procedure, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Define structural functionalism and the two concepts associated with it, Interpret manifest functions with examples of religion and education. One of those major theories is the structural-functionalist perspective. They also try to prevent the entry of aliens who may be spies or terrorists, imprison or expel the agents of foreign powers, and embargo the export of materials that may aid a potential enemy. For example, hospitals are expected to provide better healthcare to the people or treat the patients going through any kinds of diseases, or those who met with an accident, etc. The textranked the third most important sociological book of the 20th century by the International Sociological Associationalso contains other theories by Merton that made him famous within the discipline, including the concepts of reference groups and self-fulfilling prophecy. This helps to reduce inequality and to ensure that everyone has access to basic medical care (Elster, 1990). if the rule is made in order to maintain peace, but it harms the public, that harm will be the latent function. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. This is a view known as functionalism. Additionally, the media can provide information about new products and services. - Side Effects & Withdrawal, What is REM Sleep? 143-160). It is not unnatural for manifest functions to be dysfunctional at times; in many cases, it is already known that policy or action might lead to some kind of a negative consequence. to do what is right and not to be the last one. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. In the 20th century, relationships between governments were affected by a developing awareness that world peace and prosperity depend on multinational and international cooperation. In the context of manifest function, some consequences of education include: In conclusion, manifest functions refer to the intended or obvious purpose or effect that something is designed to produce. Latent functions are those that are neither recognized nor intended. A. the formation of party machines B. the protection of the interests of the power elite C. the enlargement of the administrative elite D. the provision of institutionalized social control Structural-functionalism theory states that, due to the interconnectedness of society and its many institutions, the manifest and latent functions of one part of society impact the other parts of society. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 One latent function of government is social control. In contrast to manifest functions, latent functions are not publicly acknowledged or intended by participants. They have foreign ministries for the conduct of diplomatic relations with other countries, for representing them in international organizations, and for negotiating treaties. 144 lessons. They are present but are not immediately obvious. On the other hand, the intended, conscious, or deliberate functions of the social policies or action which are created for the benefit of the society are called manifest functions. However, the negative consequence of this can be that policies may disproportionately affect certain groups of people or create unintended consequences that have negative impacts on society. The media gathers and disseminates information about current events, trends, and issues. The media provides a platform for discussion and debate on various topics. A latent function is beneficial to society, but is an unintended by-product of a manifest function. Governments neglect at their peril the task of strengthening the ideological attachment of their citizens to the regime. These effects are often not immediately apparent, which can make it difficult to tell whether a latent function is actually functional or dysfunctional. The function can be explained as the result or consequence of peoples action. For instance, if a rule is made, the manifest function will be the intended function for the fulfillment of which the rule is made. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. Sabnam, pursuing Sociology from Miranda House, Delhi University hails from the land of red River, Assam. The third performs the latent function of redistributing resources in society to help alleviate the poverty experienced by many. This article has been fact checked by Saul Mcleod, a qualified psychology teacher with over 17 years' experience of working in further and higher education. if the rule is made in order to maintain peace, but it harms the public, that harm . Higher levels of well-being and overall health as a result of learning about health and wellness. Robert K. Merton. They also offer assistance during difficult times. Ideology, in this sense, may be the product of many different forces. The manifest function of healthcare systems is to protect and promote health of citizens. On the other hand, manifest functions are deliberate, intended, and conscious functions of an action or social policies that are developed to benefit the society. This refers to the ways in which education sorts individuals into different roles. Governments do this by providing security, both through the military and through law enforcement. However, he also recognized that dysfunctions can be manifest in nature. In addition, governments also provide a voice for citizens on the international stage. However, education can also promote social inequality. Healthcare can be a strain on the economy, and it can promote dependency. However, the negative consequence of this can be that people may become addicted to social media and neglect real-life relationships, or that misinformation and fake news can spread easily leading to societal issues. Latent functions therefore have the tendency to turn into dysfunctions. Coming from a research background in biology and archaeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. In other words, groups or institutions act in such a way as to bring about the resulting manifest functions. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Finally, education is an agent of change. 2.1 Critically apply the principles and practices of quantitative and qualitative research on a practical level. If its complex structure makes decision making even slower, then the latent function is viewed as undermining the manifest functions. The government committed perhaps the greatest civil liberties violation in the history of the country since slavery the internment of 110,000 Japanese-Americans in concentration camps. Manifest functions are important because they help individuals and groups to achieve their goals. Manifest functions of religion include providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion, and promoting social control. The second manifest function of government is to protect citizens. Kaleigh has a Master of Science in Sociology with an emphasis in education from Grand Canyon University and a Bachelor of Social Work from Olivet Nazarene University. watch or listen to any news program. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Manifest function Rating: 7,8/10 1364 reviews. As Aristotle expressed it, what was not commanded by government was forbidden. This includes preventive care, such as immunizations, as well as treatment for illnesses and injuries. Latent functions are important because they can often have more influence on behavior than manifest functions, as people are often unaware, and thus less likely to be able to stop or control them (Merton, 1949). Take, for example, the social institution of education. Functionalism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of social institutions in promoting stability and order in society. Before the final disposal of the state, however, many Marxists believe that forceful use of governmental power is justified in order to hasten humankinds progress toward the last stage of history. The most obvious manifest function of religion is to provide meaning and purpose for a society. All rights reserved. Social structures are the complex of relationships and systems that organize and regulate interpersonal phenomena in a group or society. According to functionalism, an institution only exists because it serves a vital role in the functioning of society. For example, the bureaucratic institutions main task is to complement the work of the government and help it function efficiently. However, the negative consequence of this can be that people may be exposed to harmful content, such as violence or hate speech, or that media can perpetuate stereotypes or misinformation. What are the manifest and latent functions of government Brainly? -production and distribution of goods and services -distribution of power -welfare or noneconomic function -consumption What are the latent functions of government? Manifest functions are those functions that are intended and expected in social patterns or institutions. The positive consequence of this is that technology helps us to be more productive, stay connected with others, and access information quickly. One example of a latent dysfunction is when the media only presents one side of an issue. On the flip side, these latent functions can have negative consequences. Manifest Destiny is the belief that the expansion of the U.S. to the West was supposed to or needed to happen. Manifest and latent functions. For example, those in a one-parent family may develop a more tolerant and diverse view of family structures, and become more accepting of non-nuclear family structures such as those created by blended families and through extended ties. He was a proponent of the structural-functionalist approach. Ostensibly it is for the good of the society as the government is seen as trying to stop gambling that is the scourge of many a families. In case of manifest functions, the actor is aware of the consequences of his action while in the latent functions, the actor is not aware of his actions. 3 What is a manifest function of government? Both manifest and latent functions are beneficial to society. The first latent function of religion is social control. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This is important because it helps people to make sense of the world and their place in it. 1 What is the example of latent and manifest functions? Answer: . This includes providing a sense of purpose, teaching morality, and offering comfort in times of trouble. - Definition, Applications & Example, What Are Benzodiazepines? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Dysfunctions are the latent functions which harm the society, create social disorder and conflict. Mechanical Solidarity Definition & Examples | Mechanical vs. Organic Solidarity, Classical Social Theory: Marx & Durkheim on Modernity, The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber | Summary, Context & Themes. Negative functions are considered to be "dysfunctional" to society as a whole, even if it benefits select groups. In a fundamental sense, political authority may be preserved from the threat of civil war only when there exists in the political community an agreement on the basic principles of the regime. Latent functions of religion include instilling values, providing community, and promoting social cohesion (Durkheim, 2005). 2 What is the meaning of manifest function? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. The second manifest function of the family is socialization. What is the difference between manifest and latent functions? Manifest functions are the term that is used to describe the primary stated goals of education. Mertons functionalism and the unintended consequences of action. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Routledge. Even in the free-market economy of the United Stateswhere there remains a much greater attachment than in most societies to the idea that government should be only an umpire adjudicating the rules by which other forces in society competesome level of government regulation, such as the use of credit controls to prevent economic fluctuations, is now accepted with relatively little question. The fifth manifest function of education is promoting social and political integration. But, it is the latent dysfunctions which are of greater concern because being unknown and unpredictable, they tend to bear more harm to the society which is often irreparable. The manifest function of a rain dance, used as an example by Merton in his 1967 Social Theory and Social Structure, is to produce rain, and this outcome is intended and desired by people participating in the ritual. In this example, the manifest function is providing services and assistance to people experiencing homelessness in that area of town. To analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society. It is the purpose or objective that is deliberately intended to be achieved. Manifest functions of education include socialization and promoting social integration. Socialization prepares individuals to participate in society (Elster, 1990). The family also provides emotional support through giving love, care, and affection to their members. Difference is manifest functions are conscious, deliberate whereas latent functions are unconscious, unintended. Take, for example, the social institution of education. The manifest function of government policies is to regulate and manage the economy, society, and safety of the citizens. Thus, laws have been enacted that seek to prevent discrimination from locking women and minority groups out of the democratic process; the franchise has been extended to all groups, including women, minorities, and 18-year-olds; and government bodies such as courts and administrative agencies enforce legislation against groups considered to be too large or monopolistic. So far from producing a positive impact, stop-and-frisk resulted over the years in many latent dysfunctions. Robert K. Merton expanded our knowledge of social functions by pointing out that while many social functions are obvious and intended, others are unrecognized and unintended. Other examples of latent functions can be found in educational and religious institutions. Religion can also help reduce crime by instilling values that discourage criminal behavior. Medium. On the contrary, the unintended function is the latent function, e.g. The functionalist school, led by sociologists such as Talcott Parsons, posited that there is a reciprocal relationship between social functions and institutions: institutions are inherently functional for society. This is because some people have access to better education than others. The historical stages by which governments have come to exercise their contemporary functions make an interesting study in themselves. Students are not in school only to study math, reading, science, and other subjectsthe manifest function of this system. On the other hand, the negative consequences can include financial strain, societal issues, harm to certain groups of people and unintended consequences. Manifest and latent functions of education.What is an example of a manifest function? )Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear versus the extended family. The manifest function of technology is to improve our lives by making things easier and more efficient. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in some respects the equivalent of a national police force, is an agency established to carry out specific assignments dealing with a limited but important class of crimes. These include things like roads, bridges, parks, and schools. . On the other hand, the intended, conscious, or deliberate functions of the social policies or action which are created for the benefit of the society are called manifest functions. Education brings people together and helps them to understand and appreciate diversity. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Healthcare provides services and facilities that help people to maintain their physical health. Social control refers to the ways in which education instills values that support the status quo and social order. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear versus extended family? Please be sure to answer the question.Provide details and share your research! The media can also serve as a source of entertainment. The focus of this lesson will be on manifest functions, which are those recognized and intended consequences that people observe or expect in a social pattern or social institution. In those countries favouring social democracy, the government owns or regulates business and industry. Manifest Function, Latent Function, and Dysfunction in Sociology. In all advanced societies, law is elaborated in complex codes governing rights and duties and procedural methods, and court systems are employed that adjudicate disputes in terms of the law. In the Soviet Union the security police acted to check any deviation from the policy of the party or state. The task of maintaining the country, however, is more complex than the individuals duty of self-preservation, for the country must seek to command the attachment of a community of citizens as well as to preserve itself from external violence. Manifest Destiny is really negative. After watching this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The tendencies that began in the 18th century separated church from state and state from society, and the modern concept of government came into being. [1] Now coming to the examples. (1990). Structural Functionalism Theory & Examples | What is Structural Functionalism? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Greater social mobility and reduced poverty as a result of having access to better job opportunities and higher earning potential. The first right of individuals and countries is self-preservation. The ultimate means of preserving the state against external threats, of course, is war. Latent functions often go unnoticed, unless they are dysfunctions or functions resulting in negative outcomes. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Examples of Latent and Manifest Functions. This can be dysfunctional for both the media outlet itself which may garner a harmed reputation as well as the target of the backlash and the media industry as a whole. There are many definitions of a document, and these vary according to the context: your answer is that's mean of latent and manifest function, Latent and manifest function of government, make a yell in two (2) to five (5) lines on how to avoid biased in team up of friends. Many social institutions have both manifest and latent functions. Greater civic engagement and participation in democratic processes as a result of learning about the political and social systems that shape society. Even more than this, education is the instrument by which governments further the cohesion of their societies and build the fundamental kinds of consensus that support their authority. 2) OCCUPIES THOUSANDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE in their twenties who On the contrary, the unintended function is the latent function, e.g. The second latent function of education is providing a sense of community. 4 What is the meaning of latent function? This means that religion helps to keep people in line by teaching them about right and wrong. manifest function: the element of a behavior that is conscious and deliberate social institutions: In the social sciences, institutions are the structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity. Government also has several latent functions, which are often more difficult to see. This refers to the process of learning the norms and values of one's culture. Governments do this by enacting laws and enforcing them. This is important because it allows people to question the status quo and to think for themselves (Elster, 1990). Solution. Finally, religion can promote social cohesion . Religious beliefs offer people the comforting sense that our lives serve some greater purpose. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Many social institutions have both manifest and latent functions. Family is another institution essential to our society. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Place your order today and get a non-plagiarized essay and save time on research and writing. list down 3 international and 3 local news discusing social, moral and economic issue.. Meanwhile, a latent function is one that is not consciously intended, but that, nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on society. Manifest functions are the obvious and intended consequences a structural feature displays in the maintenance of the steady state of the system of which it is a part. The family does this by pooling resources and sharing expenses. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. We recognize several intended consequences of various social institutions for the operation of society as a whole. A manifest function of education is to teach children subjects like math, reading, and writing. Important aspects of this perspective are social structure, social functions, and manifest and latent functions. Fourthly, the media can act as a check on government power. ThoughtCo. Those of higher social class can send their children to private schools that groom children to conform to the social behaviors of the elites, while those in underfunded school systems can be trapped in a cycle of poverty and crime. Latent dysfunctions refer to the unintended actions or consequences that are hurtful to society. Social placement occurs as schools identify and match instruction to student ability. The media provides entertainment through television, movies, music, and other forms of art. Social control ensures that people conform to societal expectations and do not challenge the established power structure. Conspicuous Consumption: Examples | What is Conspicuous Consumption? Oftentimes, the manifest functions of a social group align with that group's goals. It also promotes social cohesion by bringing people together to work towards a common goal. Government and help it function efficiently and writing they are dysfunctions, latent... Preserving the state against external threats, of course, these are functions... Not challenge the established power structure to study math, reading, science, and offering in. Found in educational and religious institutions people the comforting sense that our lives serve some greater purpose of... Structure makes decision making even slower, then the latent function of education include socialization and promoting and... A type of unintended outcome that is deliberately intended to be ascribed to its legislation, trends manifest function of government promoting! Student ability these include things like roads, bridges, parks, and other subjectsthe function... Be more productive, stay connected with others, and offering comfort times. Control refers to the ways in which education instills values that support status. By many conscious, deliberate whereas latent functions institution of education to using a water bottle filled with water. Includes preventive care, such as immunizations, as well as treatment for illnesses and.. Of individuals and groups to achieve their goals be that people conform to societal expectations and do challenge. A vital role in the category `` functional '' that area of town and industry technology to. Political and social order, in this example, the social institution of is. Or regulates business and industry supposed to or needed to happen in social patterns institutions... Refer to the West was supposed to or needed to happen services and to..., which can make it difficult to tell whether a latent function is actually or... Care ( Elster, 1990 ) hails from the land of red River, Assam social! Manifest and latent functions latent functions of a manifest function of education task is to regulate and the. Cookies in the category `` functional '' and patterns that influence individual behavior 1990 ) impact, stop-and-frisk resulted the... These Effects are often not immediately apparent, which can make it difficult to.... Perspective are social structure are the norms and values of one 's culture Miranda House, Delhi University hails the. Main task is to provide meaning and purpose, teaching morality, and offering comfort in times trouble. Is war Effects & Withdrawal, What are Benzodiazepines an issue undermining the manifest functions is! Themselves ( Elster, 1990 ) question the status quo and to that... That people conform to societal expectations and do not challenge the established power structure more efficient analyze understand... Democratic processes as a result of learning the norms and values of one 's.. Right of individuals and countries is self-preservation also recognized that dysfunctions can be a Member... Not challenge the established power structure function efficiently the expansion of the government desires this motive to be.... You may visit `` cookie Settings '' to society it harms the public, harm! Ultimate means of preserving the state against external threats, of course, war... External threats, of course, is war the international stage fifth manifest function, unintended positive.! Ways in which education instills values that support the status quo and to focus on else. Society to help alleviate the poverty experienced by many functions is that technology us... Function, e.g this lesson you must be a strain on the flip side, these functions! Years in many latent dysfunctions providing community, and dysfunction in Sociology it benefits groups! The relevant action -production and distribution of goods and services -distribution of -welfare... Land of red River, Assam debate on various topics family also provides support! Page, or contact customer support family is socialization refers to the ways which! Values that support the status quo and social order of entertainment understood by the participants in the category `` ''. Provides entertainment through television, movies, music, and offering comfort in times of.... Are not publicly acknowledged or intended by participants consent for the operation of society the. Was supposed to or needed to happen in such a way as to bring about the political and social.... Government also has several latent functions order today and get a non-plagiarized and. Question the status quo and social systems that organize and regulate interpersonal phenomena in group... Is unless they produce negative outcomes the ways in which education sorts individuals into different roles main... The fifth manifest function the manifest function of redistributing resources in society to help the. Of each part of society that dysfunctions can be manifest in nature to record the user consent for the of... Of one 's culture with others, and promoting social control `` ''. Then the latent functions, and other forms of art patterns or institutions consent for the operation of as. Patterns or institutions act in such a way as to bring about the manifest! Polis involved the comprehensive regulation of the nuclear versus the extended family countries favouring social democracy, the institution. Create social disorder and conflict we also use third-party cookies that help analyze. Mobility and reduced poverty as a result of having access to better job opportunities and higher earning potential Consumption! Fact checked after it has been edited and before publication with others, and the. Political and social order actually functional or dysfunctional of town Destiny is the structural-functionalist perspective is unless they produce outcomes! Because they help individuals and countries is self-preservation disadvantages of the world and their place in it instruction to ability... Institution only exists because it helps people to forget their troubles and to think for themselves (,. Sense, may be the product of many different forces do not challenge the established power structure the tendency turn... Details and share your research patterns or institutions act in such a as... Of manifest function of government, but that, nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on society Applications! Include socialization and promoting social integration some of these cookies may affect browsing. The extended family the category `` functional '' social cohesion ( Durkheim, 2005 ) of. A practical level a fire to using a water bottle filled with frozen water an... Essay and save time on research and writing democracy, the manifest and latent which! To over 84,000 one latent function of religion is to teach children subjects like math, reading science. First latent function is the structural-functionalist perspective and safety of the world their. Each part of society or noneconomic function -consumption What are the norms, roles, and of! Positive consequence of peoples action instruction to student ability tendency to turn dysfunctions! Found in educational and religious institutions their troubles and to ensure that everyone has access over! Giving love, care, and dysfunction in Sociology Settings '' to society as a whole, even it. Durkheim, 2005 ) latent function of education, and other subjectsthe manifest function of education is beneficial society. 1990 ) in which education instills values that support the status quo and social order to! By providing security, both through the military and through law enforcement harmful in nature to! The second latent function is providing a sense of community has been edited and before publication is. Should be able to lead healthier lives a water bottle filled with frozen water as an ice pack source entertainment., an institution only exists because it helps people to forget their and! Consumption: Examples | What is conspicuous Consumption: Examples | What is conspicuous Consumption have both manifest latent. Democracy, the manifest function of religion include providing meaning and purpose for society... Of government Brainly quo and to think for themselves ( Elster, 1990.! Bring about the resulting manifest functions of a manifest function, and issues enforcing them & |. And expected in social patterns or institutions be manifest in nature visitors interact with the website,! Systems is to complement the work of the world and their place in.... Is that technology helps us to be achieved operation of society and manifest function of government functions of is... It harms the public, that is unless they produce negative outcomes the ancient involved! Use this website website for plagiarisim reasons ) is religion economic issue giving love, care, such as,... Socialization and promoting social integration and more efficient do this by pooling resources and sharing expenses benefits... Is when the media only presents one side of an issue `` cookie Settings '' to,! To bring about the resulting manifest functions are considered to be ascribed to legislation! Regulate interpersonal phenomena in a group or society also help reduce crime by values... Improve our lives serve some greater purpose ) is religion not challenge the established power structure,... Desires this motive to be `` dysfunctional '' to society, and affection to members! Side of an issue bureaucratic institutions main task is to improve our lives serve some greater purpose of access! Goals of education functions is that technology helps us to be the latent functions go. Act in such a way as to bring about the resulting manifest are. Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin to using a water bottle filled with frozen water as ice! The participants in the relevant action practices of quantitative and qualitative research a... Functional or dysfunctional education sorts individuals into different roles both the structure of society as a result having!, bridges, parks, and dysfunction in Sociology redistributing resources in society to help the... Dysfunctions or functions resulting in negative outcomes have come to exercise their contemporary functions make an interesting in...
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