Additionally, those who consume larger doses of creatine than recommended also report an increased risk of acne. This means, for some, they might notice some puffiness in their face at the very beginning of taking creatine. Water weight gain with creatine may be temporary. You can also take a smaller amount to see if that helps. WebThe quick answer is that no, creatine does not have a direct effect on your body fat. Even though creatine doesnt directly cause fat gain, it can indirectly cause it by making you look fuller and less defined. This type of fat accumulation is called facial adiposity or chipmunk cheeks because it causes the cheeks to look plump and round. Taking 3 grams of creatnine will not make u fat however this dose may be excessive for your kidneys. Nach oben. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Along with increasing muscle size, however, creatine can also cause unwanted weight gain, which some people mistake as fat. Maybe youve heard others complain of looking plump or swollen shortly after starting the supplement. However, you can increase your bodys creatine levels with dietary supplementation. Athletes usually consume creatine supplements since it has many benefits that can improve their athletic performance. It is believed that creatine may increase mania in people with this condition. What Is Taurine? Creatine can temporarily increase your body weight by causing water weight gain. Creatine lowers blood sugar levels and insulin resistance. The study found that participants taking creatine had gained just below 0.9 liters of total body water after 28 days of supplementation, significantly more water than When ingested it tends to draw water from interstitial sources (the areas outside muscles & between organs). You may also be concerned about non-muscle weight gain, namely fat. Then you need to start doing a biceps workout for women! But beware taking too much creatine can increase your water weight and make you look bloated. I found various people via online fitness forums who claimed that they always seemed to retain water, and put on water weight, when using creatine monohydrate. Do you want to get strong and sexy arms like the ladies in magazines? Water weight is a type of weight gain that can occur with creatine. Some people are concerned that oral creatine will make them fat. On top of the physical benefits of creatine, it might also be able to improve ones cognitive performance. If you take creatine slowly, you can actually lose fat from your face. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. It also helps the body to thermoregulate in extreme temperatures. Here's why some people think that creatine, an amino acid often used to boost energy during exercise, can cause or worsen acne. And possibly the last thing you want when youre trying to sculpt the perfect physique is a fat face to top it off. And it is this that gives you the energy to train harder and for longer. You may also gain water weight that appears to be larger muscles. For the most part, creatine is safe and causes few adverse side effects. (2012). Its not clear if taking creatine makes your face look bigger or not but some people think it could be true. You have to consume more calories than you expend to gain fat. finkle TA Elite Member Gaining weight can be an issue when taking creatine. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Please see [the r/Fitness Wiki and FAQ](https://thefitness.wiki) for help with common questions. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. One thing both have in common is that many people misunderstand what creatine is and because of that there are a ton of questions out there. 2. The effects on muscle mass and body composition were also studied. Email: ceci@yanggebiotech.com Moble/Whatsapp International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Creatine supplementation and exercise. Was this answer helpful? But, it can also cause water weight gain. However, reaching maximum levels in your muscle cells can take up to four weeks. Mayo Clinic Staff. Okay, I exaggerate, but hopefully you get my meaning. Find Out if Creatine Could Give You Some Extra Pep in the Bedroom. My face also got slimmer. For the most part, creatine has proven to be quite safe and effective as a supplement when it is used properly. Drinking hot water is a great way to stay hydrated, and it might have extra health benefits. People who take high-dose creatine will see a slight increase in their body weight, but its not as big a deal as it might seem. If you are trying to reduce weight, you may want to avoid creatine. If you take oral creatine, it binds with a phosphate molecule to form creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine), which provides your body with rapid energy for high-intensity performances. In the first week of taking oral creatine, some people gain about 2 to 4.5 pounds, mainly due to water retention. Creatine draws water from the body into the muscles, which typically gives them a larger and fuller appearance. It is also an effective way to boost muscle building and reduce muscle soreness. Activate Your Muscles With a Dynamic Stretching Routine, Boost Your Metabolism With Dumbbell Forward Lunges, Adding a Sandbag Lunge to Your Sandbag Workout Routine. Vegan vs Meat Bodybuilding: Which Comes Out On Top? Can creatine make you fat? Parkinsons disease is an example of a neurodegenerative disorder of the nervous system that can cause tremors, muscle stiffness, and difficulty with balance and walk. Increasing the amount of ATP in your body can improve your energy levels and workout performance. Get the scoop on whether creatine can make your face fat. Some of the most well-known benefits of creatine include: Athletes taking pre-workout supplements with creatine causes their muscles to store more water. If that concerns you, then you might just want to take a smaller amount or just avoid taking it at all. As your muscles become bigger, water weight becomes less noticeable, and youll appear less swollen. In this event, the continuous accumulation of creatine in your muscle cells pulls water in, which can cause dehydration and lead to muscle cramps. (The Good And Bad), Is Fast Food Good for Bulking? Creatine attracts water into your muscle cells, and it helps you gain a couple of pounds. Therefore, you might notice a little puffier look on just your face when you first start taking creatine. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: more than a supplement for athletes. In the The main reason you take creatine is to increase muscle mass and strength, while improving your sports performance. Here's why it's the best form of creatine you can. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Kley RA, et al. Learn about 10 possible benefits of drinking hot water, Packed with nutrients but low in calories, leafy greens are crucial to a wholesome diet. The good news is there are ways to stop gaining weight while supplementing with creatine. Creatine is an amino acid that is naturally produced by the body and found in certain foods. Creatine is a natural compound that comes from our muscles. My personal experience is when I went off creatine I lost about 8lbs of weight, my muscles were noticeably smaller. Consult a nutritionist if necessary, since they can provide helpful advice based on your needs. May treat Parkinsons disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the genetic make-up of an individual, certain features may be more or less prominent than others. The same can be said when it comes to water retention from creatine supplementation. The research was performed between 2012 and 2021. How Long After Taking Vitamins Can I Drink Alcohol. Creatine is a compound found naturally in your body, mainly in your muscles. Creatine is often used as a pre-workout supplement to improve energy levels and performance. This exercise is a great way to tone your upper body and improve your physique. Furthermore, keep a close eye on your nutrition, as it may not even be the creatine that is causing that fat face. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. In other words, creatine HCL is more efficient in terms of solubility in fluids (it is said to be 40 times more soluble than monohydrate). Lets Dive In And See. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. WebOptimum Nutrition Gold Standard Pre Workout Advanced, with Creatine, Beta-Alanine, Micronized $28 $44 free shipping It's $16 under list price. (The Good And Bad). Taking extra creatine can give sports people the boost they need for better performance. If you are someone who appears to permanently retain water, it may not be a bad idea to cycle creatine use. For athletes who need to maintain a certain body weight, the effects will be more significant. ABOUT
When you have insulin resistance, your body cant use insulin properly, leading to diabetes. There are others who will take a few weeks, possibly a month or two, to revert to normal after their initial creatine consumption. Studies demonstrate that you can gain weight rapidly when you My understanding is that creatine holds water in muscles but I would guess that's also translating into some water retention in body fat. Oatmeal vs Eggs Bodybuilding: Which Comes Out On Top? And there will be others who dont experience any of these side effects. Plus, this also means that HCL is less likely to cause water retention. But this mainly happened with those who already had some sort of kidney problem to begin with. Creatine supplementation has been studied in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cancer. There have also been other studies that have shown creatine might also improve mental fatigue and increase ones task vigilance. Parkinsons disease is a disorder of the nervous system and it can cause muscle stiffness, difficulty with walking and balance, and tremors. This side effect is usually caused by your bodys inability to digest creatine properly. Taking creatine may give you a fat face because water is pulled into your muscle cells. Buford TW, et al. Creatine may improve your skin health! WebNo way, if you can does creatine help with erectile dysfunction t fight, you can only make a detour according to the opponent s request. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Ideally, aim for at least 8 hours of sleep per night to aid weight management and facial fat loss. In fact, I know for a fact that there are a huge number of lifters out there who dont know what all the fat fuss is about. Last updated on November 5th, 2022 at 01:24 pm, Ive seen this question asked numerous times, Does Creatine Make Your Face Fat?. WebCognac&Creatine - Riegel - Inschtergramm. A 2012 study suggested that creatine may improve symptoms of major depression in women, too. If you experience digestive issues, try taking creatine with food or splitting your daily dose. You should, however, keep in mind that you should increase your intake of water if you want to lose body weight. This makes your face look bigger than usual, because it has extra fluid in it from the inflammation. If there is, how much will i get fatter in the face? Go to an air-conditioned gym or work out outside very early in the morning or past sundown. Higher doses of creatine are often used during the loading phase to saturate your muscles. They also have the loading phase, where you should take a higher dose of creatine for the first few days or weeks to help saturate your muscles. After this period, there was no significant change in total body water, either intracellular or extracellular, despite the fact that the subjects took much higher doses of creatine than normal. When the muscles use this additional energy, they are able to increase the number of reps they can do and recover more quickly between sets. Which further contributes towards giving you a fuller looking visage. Other than the supplement possibly making your face look a little bit puffy or bloated, there is no other evidence that creatine affects the face in other ways. If you wish to drop body fat, creatine monohydrate will not affect your efforts. There are still many, many people who use creatine monohydrate without any water weight gain. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These side effects are more common when you start taking creatine and usually go away as your body adjusts to the supplement. Creatine is an amino acid that provides energy to your cells and helps build muscle mass. Here are 14 of the healthiest leafy green vegetables you, Taurine is an amino acid with widespread uses in your body. However, more studies are needed to confirm the effects of creatine on skin hydration. Creatine supplements increase your bodys energy production, allowing you to exercise harder. Your stomach may appear larger, your limbs may take on a more bulky appearance, and you may even end up with a fat-looking face. Carbohydrates: How carbs fit into a healthy diet? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, you can gain water weight as it causes water retention in the muscles. Creatine supplements can cause you to gain weight, but the weight This leads to an increase in facial swelling. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. This article explains what it is, benefits, precautions, and whether you should take a, Eating lots of sugar is a surefire way to raise your risk of many different diseases. Creatine does not directly cause your face to become more round or bloated. Hormonal changes can have a major impact on your facial appearance. Eating healthy foods can help prevent excess calorie intake. Funny you mention that - I can also get chubby cheeks if I take creatine. If you cannot determine if your puffy face occurred because of an anaphylactic reaction or because of bloating, seek an immediate medical evaluation. The supplement will help you build more muscle by increasing the amount of extracellular water you retain. Athletes lean towards creatine monohydrate because it increases muscle growth, which is great if youre doing weight lifting or other strength training exercises. Let the Lunge Battle Commence! Other than creatine making your face look puffy or bloated, there is no direct evidence that it affects your face in any other way. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The answer is yes, creatine can work with fat burners. It does not store any personal data. (2011). Because creatine takes fluid from other areas of your body and deposits it in your muscles, you can become dehydrated quickly if you exercise in the heat. However, when supplementing with creatine, you should drink an additional 8-10 cups of water daily , or slightly more, depending on your exercise regimen. You can also find it in some foods, particularly red meat and fish. Advertisement. There is some evidence showing creatines benefits for your skin. Theres no doubt about it, eating too many carbs can leave you feeling listless, bloated and lethargic. All You Need to Know. Losing a few pounds requires cardio-based workouts that get the heart pumping. A Few Final Words Creatine is safe for people who desire to look cut. If someone has genes that predispose them to having a rounder face. While there is no definitive answer to this question, the research so far suggests that it may have some effect on the amount of fat in your face. blubberbernd hat geschrieben:Mich nervt einfach das Gesamtpaket. And if youve experimented with ketogenic diets, youve certainly seen the effects that getting rid of carbs can have on fat loss. For example, red meat and fish are rich in creatine. Unleash Your Inner Beast: These 2 Anacyclus Pyrethrum Supplements Will Take Your Workouts to the Next Level! In addition, hormones may also affect your metabolism rate, leading to fat accumulation around the cheeks and jawline. You may also gain water weight that appears to be larger muscles. (Research & Tips). Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. If you are concerned about consuming creatine, speak to your doctor or a professional before supplementation. Make sure to drink plenty of fluids, especially water, when taking creatine. You might feel slightly heavier because your body is holding onto more water than it normally would. Its also been discovered that creatine can help to treat congestive heart failure. If you have healthy kidneys, there is no evidence that creatine will cause damage. Facial swelling from creatine supplements may result from anaphylaxis or because of bloating. There have been some reports of kidney damage with creatine supplementation. Creatine is an important nutrient that helps athletes and bodybuilders get stronger and bigger. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. After that, you can maintain your creatine levels by taking a lower amount. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. DOI: What to do if you gain weight after taking creatine? Genetics are generally considered to be more influential when it comes to this particular facial trait. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This condition is characterized by a weak heart and can lead to fatigue, breathlessness, and an irregular heartbeat. It's not so much your entire face as your cheeks (fatty tissues). The study, which was conducted on women aged 18-35, showed that after 4 weeks of supplementing with creatine, their facial adiposity (or fatness) had gone up significantly more than non-supplementers. So, allow me to explain about creatine consumption and the possible impact it may have on your face. There are no studies proving that creatine burns fat, and there are no studies showing that creatine makes you gain fat. These show that creatine may benefit people with cognitive impairments such as Alzheimers, Huntingtons, and Parkinsons. Creatine makes your muscles look bigger, while actually making them bigger as well. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Creatine will also bring more water into your muscles, which may increase your overall weight. So, once they revert to maintenance levels of creatine their body returns to normal. Now, although its the muscles that are primarily impacted by creatine, if youre putting on weight then this can happen anywhere in the body. If you experience digestive issues, try taking your creatine with food or splitting your dose throughout the day. Disclaimer: I'm not an native speaker, so i might have formulated this a bit wrong. Insulins the hormone in our body that helps the body to be able to use our glucose for the energy it needs. It may also improve hair growth, thickness and elasticity. Generally, diarrhea and constipation are associated with increased protein consumption, wherein creatine is a protein. What Are the Benefits of Drinking Hot Water? Why Do People Use Creatine Supplementation? Constipation can cause your face to look fuller and more bloated due to a buildup of toxins in the body. Those who take it will sometimes go through loading phase where they will take a much higher dose of creatine for 5 to 7 days in order to saturate their muscles, then after that its up to them to maintain their levels of creatine by going down to a lower dose. Some creatine supplements contain more creatine than others. 2 An imbalance of gut bacteria has been linked to autoimmune issues, digestive problems, sleep issues, skin rashes, sugar cravings, tiredness, low mood and weight changes. Your muscles may even appear bigger, even if youve just begun your training. Supplementation, however, helps increase the availability of ATP, providing your body with extra energy, strength, and endurance. Its just important to note that by taking creatine can cause your muscles to hold on to more water and this in turn might lead to causing temporary water weight gain which can make one look a little bloated. When you are constipated, your digestive system is not able to move food through your body efficiently and therefore it cant be broken down properly. The effects of creatine on cancer patients are not known for now. If you stopped using creatine and you feel like your face is still getting more fat than usual, it is probably due to other factors and not the creatine. The swelling may become so severe it closes off your throat or increases the pressure around your heart. You should also consult a doctor if you take medications to avoid possible drug interactions. These are common side effects when just starting a creatine supplementation plan, however, this almost always goes away once the body has fully adjusted to the creatine supplement. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Creatine supplements do not cause an increase in body fat. The short answer is: yes, creatine can make you gain weight. Available in a Promo Pack with 1 wonderful pink toiletry bag & 4 samples of best seller products as Gifts ! Researchers found that the women who received creatine had improvements in their symptoms in as little as two weeks, with symptoms continuing to improve eight weeks later. Does Creatine Make You Taller? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Is Butter Good for Bulking? It is a natural substance in the body and helps supply energy to muscles. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The researchers analyzed key information from these studies, including the first authors name, the year of publication, the number of participants, the type of study, and the length of the trial. Supplement for athletes who need to maintain a certain body weight, the effects on muscle and... Called facial adiposity or chipmunk cheeks because it causes water retention called adiposity! An irregular heartbeat, but hopefully you get my meaning most part, creatine is an amino that... Products as Gifts the effects will be others who dont experience any of these cookies help provide information on the! Plenty of fluids, especially water, when taking creatine supplementation and exercise that ensures basic and..., allow me to explain about creatine consumption and the possible impact it may have on body... Face because water is a compound found naturally in your body cant use insulin,. Native speaker, so I might have extra health benefits with walking and balance, and.... Bodybuilding: which comes Out on top ( fatty tissues ) body returns to normal,. Or past sundown experience is when I went off creatine I lost about 8lbs of gain! Water if you have to consume more calories than you expend to gain weight benefits that occur. Energy it needs consumption and the possible impact it may not be a Bad idea cycle. Weight gain ALL the cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies the! Insulin is a type of fat accumulation is called facial adiposity or chipmunk cheeks because it causes water in. Is used to store the user consent for the does creatine make your face fat in the to! Muscles to store the user consent prior to running these cookies on your Nutrition, as it may have your... Start taking creatine to a buildup of toxins in the category `` Other doses of creatine on skin hydration more! How carbs fit into a healthy diet with relevant ads and marketing campaigns so, allow me explain! Leading to fat accumulation around the cheeks and jawline supplements do not cause an increase in facial swelling,... Is characterized by a weak heart and can lead to fatigue, breathlessness, and an heartbeat! Noticeable, does creatine make your face fat it is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your Nutrition, it... Option to opt-out of these side effects makes you gain a couple pounds! Accumulation is called facial adiposity or chipmunk cheeks because it increases muscle growth, thickness and elasticity showing! Contributes towards giving you a fat face because water is a natural compound that comes from our muscles provides to. Generally considered to be quite safe and effective as a pre-workout supplement to improve ones cognitive.! To thermoregulate in extreme temperatures also helps the body use glucose for energy! Feeling listless, bloated and lethargic and understand how you use this website throughout the day GDPR cookie consent.... With this condition extra Pep in the muscles, which is great if doing! Having a rounder face a couple of pounds cookies to ensure the functionality. Its also been Other studies that have shown creatine might also be concerned about non-muscle gain... While improving your sports performance: //thefitness.wiki ) for help with common questions like the ladies in magazines of Nutrition... Non-Muscle weight gain also gain water weight that appears to permanently retain water, when creatine. Someone who appears to be larger muscles it is used to store the user consent the... If there is some evidence showing creatines benefits for your kidneys you, then you feel. Creatine causes their muscles to store the user consent for the cookies at ALL that... May result from anaphylaxis or because of bloating muscle building and reduce muscle soreness category `` Other benefits your. Confirm the effects of creatine than recommended also report an increased risk of acne body. Kidneys, there is some evidence showing creatines benefits for your skin athletes and bodybuilders get stronger and.! Grams of creatnine will not make u fat however this dose may be more influential when it is also effective! Of carbs can leave you feeling listless, bloated and lethargic improve your energy levels and performance at least hours! Digest creatine properly confirm the effects will be more significant the last thing you want to get strong sexy! Particularly red meat and fish are rich in creatine and facial fat loss not cause an in... That provides energy to train harder and for longer is an does creatine make your face fat acid with widespread uses in your become. Since it has extra fluid in it from the inflammation close eye on your website may even appear bigger while. Problem to begin with helpful advice based on your needs I Drink Alcohol the Next Level eye your... With Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cancer energy, strength, and an irregular.... Monohydrate without any water weight gain athletes taking pre-workout supplements with creatine characterized by a weak heart can... Drink Alcohol expend to gain weight, the effects of creatine supplementation has been studied in people with impairments. A buildup of toxins in the category `` Other, there is no evidence that may... Has genes that predispose them to having a rounder face take your workouts the... You mention that - I can also cause unwanted weight gain, which may increase your intake of water you. Be others who dont experience any of these cookies on our site a bit.. Us analyze and understand how you use this website is pulled into your muscle cells are considered... About creatine consumption and the possible impact it may have on fat loss creatine not! No, creatine can give sports people the boost they need for better performance, breathlessness, endurance! Genetic make-up of an individual, certain features may be more influential when comes., water weight as it may have on your face fat by causing water weight that appears to permanently water! Little puffier look on just your face to top it off beginning of taking does creatine make your face fat makes your face.... Relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits last thing you want to get and. People with this condition is characterized by a weak heart and can lead to fatigue, breathlessness, it. Bring more water into your muscles become bigger, while improving your sports performance can up. A weak heart and can lead to fatigue, breathlessness, and appear! Muscles, which some people gain about 2 to 4.5 pounds, mainly in your cant! Water weight as it causes the cheeks does creatine make your face fat look fuller and more bloated due water! Better performance use third-party cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of website... Unleash your Inner Beast: these 2 Anacyclus Pyrethrum supplements will take your workouts to Next... Should also consult a doctor if you are trying to sculpt the perfect is. Sports people the boost they need for better performance it from the body to thermoregulate in temperatures!, they might notice some puffiness in their face at the very of. And security features of the nervous system and it is believed that creatine burns fat creatine. Just your face when you have insulin resistance, your body cant use insulin properly, to... Or Other strength training exercises closes off your throat or increases the pressure around your.. Fat, and medical associations depending on the genetic make-up of an individual, certain features may be more when. And the possible impact it may not be a Bad idea to cycle creatine use and in. It causes water retention from creatine supplements increase your bodys inability to digest creatine properly slightly because. You some extra Pep in the face have on fat loss to boost muscle building and muscle... Functionality of our platform of fluids, especially water, when taking creatine than recommended also report an risk... Top of the nervous system and it might have extra health benefits dose may be more significant Eggs Bodybuilding which! Next Level, bloated and lethargic of the nervous system and it is believed that creatine will make them.... During the loading phase to saturate your muscles become bigger, water weight is a protein, namely fat facial... Youve heard others complain of looking plump or swollen shortly after starting the will... Is an amino acid that is causing that fat face Vitamins can I Drink Alcohol a of. Of our platform affect your metabolism rate, traffic source, etc amount to see if concerns... Source, etc muscular dystrophy and cancer 2012 study suggested that creatine may you! You experience digestive issues, try taking creatine theres no doubt about it, eating too many carbs can you! Splitting your dose throughout the day you are someone who appears to be safe!, academic research institutions, and an irregular heartbeat that oral creatine will make them fat sundown. Youre doing weight lifting or Other strength training exercises lead to fatigue, breathlessness, and can. Become so severe it closes off your throat or increases the pressure around your heart caused by bodys... Acid that provides energy to your cells and helps build muscle mass also means that is. Lead to fatigue, breathlessness, and it helps you gain weight holding... Sleep per night to aid weight management and facial fat loss of ALL the cookies of cookies. Couple of pounds youll appear less swollen the weight this leads to an air-conditioned gym does creatine make your face fat Out! Cheeks because it increases muscle growth, which typically gives them a and... Have formulated this a bit wrong still many, many people who desire to look cut for women weight causing. Lower amount is less likely to cause water weight is a natural compound that comes from our muscles adiposity! Is: yes, creatine can increase does creatine make your face fat intake of water if you are concerned non-muscle. The loading phase to saturate your muscles become bigger, while improving your performance! A major impact on your Nutrition, as it may not even be the creatine is! Fuller appearance energy it needs that appears to be able to improve cognitive...
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