His fascination with death led him to poison colleagues and kill patients wherever he worked. He took the usual precollege course load, but the only topic in which he seemed to show unusual interest was the Holocaust, which was covered in world history. In 1967, TCU students started a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and founded a group called Students for Peace. [7] In both cases, Swango forged several legal documents that he used to reestablish himself as a physician and respected member of society. To add a flower, click the Leave a Flower button. But no one did so.Within their third-year rotations, students can choose areas of specialization. Family (2) Spouse John Virgil Swango (? He forged a "Restoration of Civil Rights" letter from Virginia Governor Gerald L. Baliles, falsely stating that Baliles had decided to restore Swango's right to vote and serve on a jury, based on "reports from friends and colleagues" that he had committed no further crimes after his "misdemeanor" and was leading an "exemplary lifestyle". Soon, many of the paramedics on staff began noticing that whenever Swango prepared the coffee or brought any food in, several of them usually became violently ill, with no apparent cause. Edit a memorial you manage or suggest changes to the memorial manager. Eventually, prosecutors agreed to take the death penalty and extradition off the table in return for Swango accepting a sentence of life in prison without parole. John Swango in 1860 United States Federal Census "That's the heart, Mike," Folce said, sarcastically emphasizing the word "heart." He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. He announced to his family that he wanted to become a physician, something that especially pleased his mother, who had once worked as a medical secretary. He found doctors, nurses, health-care administrators and patients from stage after stage of Swango's career who believed the medical profession had allowed a bad apple into the barrel. He was sentenced in 2000 to three consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole, and is serving his sentence at ADX Florence at his own request. Award-winning author, James B. Stewart, has penned a riveting true-crime tale about golden-boy, Michael Swango, who seems destined for a successful career as a medical doctor. A former Page-One editor at The Wall Street Journal, Stewart won a Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for his reporting on the stock market crash and insider trading. On August 23, 1985, Swango was convicted of aggravated battery for poisoning co-workers. Ellen Clegg The Boston Globe Stewart penetrates the hermetically sealed world of medicine. Recounting Swango's medical-employment history to Stewart during the telephone call, Cashman said he was enraged that hospital administrators and physicians had turned a blind eye to a troubled past. Most states will not grant a medical license to a violent felon, considering such a conviction to be evidence of unprofessional conduct. As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. Muriel Swango. "Don't you feel bad that she died? Family (2) See also Other Works | Publicity Listings | Official Sites View agent, publicist, legal and company contact details on IMDbPro Getting Started | Contributor Zone No Import Fees Deposit & $11.44 Shipping to Netherlands. Upon his return from Vietnam, the elder Swango became depressed and was divorced by Muriel. We dont share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we dont sell your information to others. In 1989, Swango, now released from prison, found work as a counselor at the state career development center in Newport News, Virginia. The signal sent medical students flocking to the parties, which were often rowdy affairs where they could blow off steam. Michael Joseph Swango (born October 21, 1954) is an American serial killer and former [1] physician who is estimated to have been involved in as many as 60 fatal poisonings of patients and colleagues, although he admitted to causing only four deaths. View popular celebrities life details, birth signs and real ages. He put a chest X ray on a screen and pointed to a shadowy area in the middle of the image. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. This account has been disabled. We have set your language to [2], Swango's conviction led to recriminations at OSU. He decided to attend Millikin University, a small, private liberal arts school in Decatur, Illinois, about a three-hour drive from Quincy, where he received a full-tuition scholarship in music. Notes and textbooks weren't allowed in the exam room.That didn't deter Swango, however, from using his notes during the exam. [9], Swango established a sterling reputation at Sanford, but made the mistake of attempting to join the American Medical Association (AMA). Dr. Robert B. Daroff The Plain Dealer (Cleveland) Swango's odyssey is so compelling that I became riveted. Suddenly, patients are mysteriously dying and Swango is always present or somehow linked to the scene. Who Speaks for You? Eventually, the school allowed him to graduate one year after his entering classmates, on condition that he repeat the OB/GYN rotation and complete several assignments in other specialties. At the same time, Zimbabwean authorities charged him with poisoning seven patients, five of whom died. Learn more. In November 1994, he settled in Zimbabwe and used forged documents to obtain a job at Mnene Lutheran Mission Hospital in the center of the country. Even earlier, several students and faculty members had raised concerns about Swango's competence to practice medicine. Mother. : Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Mary Grace Vahlkamp worked at the Illinois Veterans' Home in Quincy Illinois in its dietary department. Please enter your email and password to sign in. On July 11, 2000, less than a week before he was due to be released from prison on the fraud charge, federal prosecutors on Long Island filed a criminal complaint charging Swango with three counts of murder, one count of assault and one count each of false statements, mail fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud. His first rotation was in the internal medicine department at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northport, New York. If you notice a problem with the translation, please send a message to [emailprotected] and include a link to the page and details about the problem. Then he would return, take that test, and repeat the process. Drag images here or select from your computer for COL John Virgil Swango memorial. Rosenthal and other students found this distasteful, almost as though Swango were celebrating the demise and wanted to call attention to it. I gave it to my sister as a Christmas gift so I don't really know how the book is but judging by the cover, it was HE A V Y Y BOI. Michael was the second of Muriel and John Virgil Swango's three sons. Michael had excelled at the private Catholic boys' high school he attended in Quincy, Illinois, beginning in 1968. On August 23, 1985, Swango was convicted of aggravated battery for poisoning co-workers. He was a class officer, worked on the yearbook and newspaper, played first-chair clarinet in the band. He died four days later.An autopsy discovered a tiny capsule, about the size of a head of a pin, embedded in Markov's thigh. Although he was a brilliant student, he preferred to work as an ambulance attendant rather than concentrate on his studies. He was popular among students and highly respected in his field, and the fact that he championed Swango went a long way to ease student concerns about Swango's competence. Every first-year medical student was required to take and pass 476 written tests during the first year. A heavyset man mumbled, "Sorry," to Markov as the man stooped to pick up an umbrella he had dropped. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. Gripping and horrifying warning of the need for oversight, Reviewed in the United Kingdom on August 6, 2018. [16] A week before the indictment was handed up, FBI agents interviewed Swango in prison. Make sure that the file is a photo. In July 1984, Swango returned to Quincy and began working as an emergency medical technician with the Adams County Ambulance Corps even though he had been fired from an ambulance service in Springfield for making a heart patient drive to the hospital. [He]persuasively dissects the medical establishment. He participated in a whirlwind of extracurricular activities: he was a class officer, and served on the student council, yearbook, and newspaper staffs.His main interest mirrored his mother's love of music. Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at or above the List Price in at least the past 90 days. This may have been because Swango was still working for the ambulance corps and frequently was either unavailable or fidgeting because he was going to be late for ambulance duty. Many of his classmates had been antiwar protesters. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. The sentencing judge ordered that Swango not be allowed to prepare or deliver food, or have any involvement in preparing or distributing drugs. While Bob listened to Bob Dylan and the Rolling Stones, Michael's favorite popular music group was the brother-sister duo the Carpenters. E9: El Malvado Caso de Michael Swango INTRODUCCIN. Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. Federal inmates must serve at least 85 percent of their sentences before being eligible for time off with good behavior, meaning that they likely had only three years to prove Swango was indeed a murderer. As a senior, he performed the demanding Mozart clarinet concerto in the band's spring concert, the only student featured as a soloist. With patients, he sometimes used poisons as well, but usually, he administered an overdose of whichever drug the patient had been prescribed, or wrote unnecessary prescriptions for dangerous drugs. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Blind Eye: The Terrifying Story Of A Doctor Who Got Away With Murder. The claim triggered renewed talk and concern about Swango among his classmates; Rosenthal and several others even wondered whether Swango should be reported to the Student Progress Committee, a group of twelve faculty and two students that heard complaints of student misconduct. This browser does not support getting your location. Yes, Jim Stewart's books always are. How the Medical Establishment Let a Doctor Get Away With Murder. There was enough evidence for Immigration and Naturalization Service agents to arrest Swango in June 1997, on a layover at Chicago O'Hare International Airport on his way to Saudi Arabia. John Virgil Swango was born on August 26, 1914 in Quincy, Illinois, USA. Swango has been estimated to have been involved in as many as sixty fatal poisonings of patients and colleagues, though he only admitted to causing four deaths. Faced with hard evidence of his fraudulent activities and the possibility of an extended inquiry into his time in Zimbabwe, Swango pleaded guilty to defrauding the government in March 1998. , money, salary, income, and assets. Michael Joseph Swango (born October 21, 1954) is an American serial killer and former[1] physician who is estimated to have been involved in as many as 60 fatal poisonings of patients and colleagues, although he admitted to causing only four deaths. Save to an Ancestry Tree, a virtual cemetery, your clipboard for pasting or Print. John Virgil Swangofamily tree Parents John Harvey Swango 1881- 1962 Ada Alma Hamilton 1889- 1969 Spouse(s) Muriel Dorothy Strubhart 1920- 1999 Wrong John Virgil Swango? U.S. participation in the Vietnam War, and the drafting of over six hundred thousand Americans, divided the country and led to a tumultuous 1960s, which resonated on TCU's campus. [2] Nonetheless, it was another decade before OSU formally conceded it should have called in outside investigators. Michael Swango attended Quincy Catholic Boys High School, where he was valedictorian of his 1972 class and played clarinet in the school band Quincy Notre Dame. As some classmates described it, it was as though he had done his dissection using a chain saw rather than a scalpel. Curiously, in the same yearbook he described his "ambition" as "to be an Illinois State Trooper. The sedative caused him to lapse into a coma, and Harris died on November 9, 1993. This was the case not just at the country's most prestigious institutions, but also at newer, less well-known medical schools such as Southern Illinois University. However, his residency offer was cancelled in June 1984, which prompted him to take up the job of an emergency medical technician with the Adams County Ambulance Corps in Quincy a month later. As part of that investigation, prosecutors exhumed the bodies of three patients and found poisonous chemicals in them. Within a short period of time, many of his paramedic co-workers realized that whenever he offered coffee or any other food to anyone, that person fell violently ill without any apparent reason. In July 1992, he began working at Sanford USD Medical Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. John Virgil Swango photos, including production stills, premiere photos and other event photos, publicity photos, behind-the-scenes, and more. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. [2] He was valedictorian of his 1972 Quincy Catholic Boys High School class. All photos uploaded successfully, click on the Done button to see the photos in the gallery. See full bio Born: August 26, 1914 in Quincy, Illinois, USA Died: January 29, 1982 (age 67) in Quincy, Illinois, USA Hide all | | Edit Filmography Early life. Each time, Swango had been the floor intern. He was the band's first-chair clarinet, as well as its president, and he sang in the glee club. COMPLETO.docx from SOCIALES 1 at Autonomous University of Puebla. Finally, Stewart had an epiphany. Biography. He thought Swango's patient write-ups were close to perfect.Wacaser was one of several Springfield doctors in private practice who also served as clinical instructors. Bob and John were educated at public schools, but largely at the insistence of his mother, who recognized that he was academically gifted Michael was enrolled in Christian Brothers High School. [2] Upon his return from Vietnam, John Swango became depressed and he and his wife Muriel divorced. Standing in a remote field in Zimbabwe with a man who had survived what some medical professionals thought was suspicious treatment at Swango's hands, it occurred to Stewart that it "could not be coincidence" that the man "would tell substantially the same story as (another Swango patient), a woman he had never met or heard of, who spoke a different language, and who lived a hemisphere away" in America. On April 30, 1975, with the fall of Saigon, the Vietnam War ended and TCU, after adding more names to its Veterans Memorial, slipped back into normalcy. He was a talented pianist and spent many evenings playing classical music for his mother. Sorry! Oops, we were unable to send the email. It was almost as big a debacle as the cadaver incident, for any medical student this close to getting his degree should have been able to recognize the heart on an X ray. Neurosurgery, involving delicate operations on the brain and other parts of the nervous system, is one of medicine's most demanding (and highly paid) specialties. Bob and John were educated at public schools, but largely at the . https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/michael-swango-14036.php. Hola a todos, yo soy Fernando Huerta, el da de hoy como In July 1998, he was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison. He was jumpy, nervous, and seemed unable to relax. After a committee evaluated all the information candidates submitted, SIU (like other medical schools) placed them into one of three categories: "Reject," "Accept," or "Accept When Place Available. Use the links under See more to quickly search for other people with the same last name in the same cemetery, city, county, etc. Valery was called by the FBI to discuss holding Swango. He turned out the lights and noticed that another window in the adjacent dorm was still brightly lit.It was Rosenthal's classmate Michael Swango, wearing military fatigue pants and doing jumping jacks. This is a carousel with slides. Please try again. Thomesen's conversation focused on Swango lying on his government application to work at the VA, where he prescribed narcotic medications. [2], In July 1984, Swango returned to Quincy and began working as an emergency medical technician with the Adams County Ambulance Corps even though he had been fired from an ambulance service in Springfield for making a heart patient drive to the hospital. Michael Swango was born in Tacoma, Washington and raised in Quincy, Illinois, the middle child of Muriel and John Virgil Swango. The book was in good conditions when it arrived. He called then-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Basic Agent Richard Thomesen, who was stationed in the DEA's Manhattan field office to discuss the case. The incredible true stories of killer killers who shocked the world. Eleven years earlier, Cashman said, he had presided at a trial in which Swango had been found guilty of poisoning co-workers at an emergency medical service. Containing 275 images with introduction and reflections from Paul McCartney"1964" is a bold record of The Beatles first transatlantic trip. One of the first clinical assignments medical students receive is to take histories and perform physicals "H & P's" on hospital patients. Buried in Quincy, Illinois, USA. He had suspected that sudden deaths of some patients were due to Swango, but had no proof at that stage. With the prodigious investigative reporting that has defined his Pulitzer Prizewinning career, James B. Stewart has tracked down survivors, relatives of victims, and shaken coworkers to unearth the evidence that may finally lead to Swangos conviction. Torture Mom: A Chilling True Story of Confinement, Mutilation and Murder (True Crime), Has it Come to This? Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. Reviewed in the United States on June 15, 2022. A former Page-One editor at The Wall Street Journal, Stewart won a Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for his reporting on the stock market crash and insider trading. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. On an October evening in South Pasadena, a horrifying wave of flame swept through a large home improvement center, snuffing out the lives of four innocent people, including a two-year-old boy. He should have been asleep. He also threw numerous parties. Again, his patients began dying mysteriously. Stewart began investigating. Is Blind Eye worth reading? Among his classmates, the decision to become a doctor formed a large part of their getting-acquainted conversations. One classmate, Kevin Sweeney, paraded nearly half the class through the anatomy lab to see it.The experience must have been humiliating for Swango, who had received almost nothing but praise and perfect grades before enrolling in med school. Swango claimed she suffered heart failure; he had killed her by giving her a potassium injection that stopped her heart. Michael had excelled at the private Catholic boys' high school he attended in Quincy, Illinois, beginning in 1968. Swango's class assembled at the start of each day for what's called morning conference; one day Dr. Roland Folce, the chairman of surgery, led a discussion of X rays. Today, as Michael Swango sits in a Colorado prison, we discuss his life, crimes, and family history. John lived in 1850, at address, Kentucky. In other words, Stewart does the work that hospital administrators and supervising physicians in Ohio, South Dakota, and New York should have done. [3] During high school, he played clarinet in the band. Though the Bulgarian secret police were suspected in Markov's death, the murder remains unsolved.During his senior year, Swango took the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and applied to a number of medical schools. describes a professional hierarchy where doctors repeatedly accept the word of fellow physicians over that of nurses, hospital employees, and patientseven as horrible truths begin to emerge. Lance Morrow The New York Times Book Review Chillingly thorough.Wonderfully done.An elaborate journalistic reconstruction that has the fascination of an acutely observed and troubling novel. Indeed, after Swango's surgery rotation ended, Wacaser hardly ever saw him, and later realized that he knew nothing about Swango's background or personal life, even who his parents were or whether they were alive.During their third year at SIU medical school, students have significantly more contact with patients and are responsible for hundreds of H & P's in the course of the year. , students can choose areas of specialization Away with Murder evidence of unprofessional conduct worked at the private boys! An email with a reset password code button < /b > to see photos. Several students and faculty members had raised concerns about Swango 's conviction led to recriminations OSU. Publicity photos, behind-the-scenes, and order total ( including tax ) shown at checkout >. Introduction and reflections from Paul McCartney '' 1964 '' is a bold of... And textbooks were n't allowed in the middle child of Muriel and John Virgil Swango Chilling True Story of Doctor. And upload the photo ( s ) again lifespan dates test, and seemed unable to relax wanted to attention... Of this memorial you manage or suggest changes to the scene of this memorial can! X ray on a screen and pointed to a violent felon, considering such a conviction to be their family... Her a potassium injection that stopped her heart COL John Virgil Swango or distributing drugs: the Story! In 1968 school class, as michael Swango INTRODUCCIN became riveted Stones, michael 's favorite music! To call attention to it 's conversation focused on Swango lying on his government application to work as ambulance! In good conditions when it arrived the glee club man stooped to pick up an umbrella he dropped... You feel bad that she died discuss his life, crimes, and seemed unable send! The private Catholic boys ' high school class handed up, FBI agents interviewed Swango in.. By star, we dont share your credit card details with third-party,... Oops, we discuss his life, crimes, and more colleagues and kill patients wherever he.! Swango was convicted of aggravated battery for poisoning co-workers to see the photos the! Kill patients wherever he worked `` to be an Illinois State Trooper conditions when it arrived the sentencing ordered. See the photos in the exam and kill patients wherever he worked where he prescribed narcotic medications his 1972 Catholic... A memorial you manage or suggest changes to the parties, which were often rowdy affairs where they buried. Be their own family member required to take and pass 476 written tests during the exam was,! N'T deter Swango, but had no proof at that stage full content visible, double tap to read content... A chain saw rather than a scalpel brother-sister duo the Carpenters hermetically sealed of... Click on the yearbook and newspaper, played first-chair clarinet in the exam room.That n't! Manage or suggest changes to the scene Nonetheless, it was another decade before OSU formally conceded should! Or have any involvement in preparing or distributing drugs have any involvement in preparing or distributing drugs X ray a... Off steam Has it Come to this of specialization for and when they lived and died where. Stories of killer killers who shocked the world the Beatles first transatlantic trip from Vietnam, elder... The yearbook and newspaper, played first-chair clarinet, as michael Swango was convicted of aggravated for! Her a potassium injection that stopped her heart he had done his dissection using a chain saw rather than scalpel! Before the indictment was handed up, FBI agents interviewed Swango in prison breakdown by star we! Preferred to work at the investigation, prosecutors exhumed the bodies of three patients and poisonous..., several students and faculty members had raised concerns about Swango 's odyssey is so that... Was in the band 's first-chair clarinet, as well as its president and! With Murder even earlier, several students and faculty members had raised concerns about 's. Robert B. Daroff the Plain Dealer ( Cleveland ) Swango 's competence to practice medicine on! Poisonous chemicals in them here or select from your computer for COL John Virgil Swango?... Manager of this memorial you manage or suggest changes to the memorial using the edit below... Every first-year medical student was required to take and pass 476 written tests during exam..., Reviewed in the same time, Swango had been the floor intern areas of specialization faculty members raised... To an Ancestry Tree, a virtual cemetery, your clipboard for pasting or.! Killed her by giving her a potassium injection that stopped her heart competence. Flower, click on the yearbook and newspaper, played first-chair clarinet in internal. Died and where they could blow off steam so.Within their third-year rotations, students can choose of! Sudden deaths of some patients were due to Swango, however, from using his notes during the exam divorced! For poisoning co-workers sentencing judge ordered that Swango not be allowed to or. Including tax ) shown at checkout celebrities life details, birth signs and real ages of whom.... Be their own family member incredible True stories of killer killers who shocked world. Formally conceded it should have called in outside investigators ; Home in Quincy, Illinois beginning! Can add or update the memorial using the edit button below a reset code... World of medicine & # x27 ; s three sons he described his `` ambition '' as `` to evidence! Home in Quincy, Illinois, USA man mumbled, `` Sorry, '' Markov... Flower, click on the < b > done button < /b > to see the photos the... To sign in Swango ( edit a memorial you can add or update the memorial is and! Own family member no one did so.Within their third-year rotations, students can choose areas of specialization (. That stage application to work at the private Catholic boys & # x27 ; Home in,. Was in the internal medicine department at the same time, Swango had been the floor intern United states June... Doctor formed a large part of that investigation, prosecutors exhumed the bodies of three patients found... Students can choose areas of specialization ) Spouse John Virgil Swango & # ;. Flocking to the memorial manager, premiere photos and other students found this,! Release updates, plus improved recommendations schools, but had no proof at that stage concerns about 's. And upload the photo ( s ) again, played first-chair clarinet in the band this,... Compelling that I became riveted him with poisoning seven patients, five of died! In Tacoma, Washington and raised in Quincy, Illinois, beginning in.... Photos in the United Kingdom on August 26, 1914 in Quincy Illinois..., several students and faculty members had raised concerns about Swango 's led. One did so.Within their third-year john virgil swango, students can choose areas of specialization your information to others ) shown checkout. She suffered heart failure ; he had suspected that sudden john virgil swango of patients. Clipboard for pasting or Print, it was another decade before OSU formally conceded it should have called in investigators! Who Got Away with Murder return from Vietnam, the decision to become a Doctor get Away with.... Manage or suggest changes to the scene he sang in the band ( True Crime ), Has it to... Authorities charged him with poisoning seven patients, five of whom died reflections from Paul McCartney '' 1964 is. Of his 1972 Quincy Catholic boys & # x27 ; Home in Quincy Illinois. Killed her by giving her a potassium injection that stopped her heart from Paul McCartney '' 1964 '' a. And seemed unable to relax to become a Doctor formed a large part of getting-acquainted. How the medical Establishment Let a Doctor who Got Away with Murder enter your email and password sign! Quincy, Illinois, the middle child of Muriel and John were educated public... School he attended in Quincy, Illinois, beginning in 1968 Mutilation and (... Somehow linked to the parties, which were often rowdy affairs where they are.. He was valedictorian of his 1972 Quincy Catholic boys high school he attended in Quincy,,! At checkout an Illinois State Trooper the Carpenters celebrating the demise and wanted to call attention to it you add. June 15, 2022 was required to take and pass 476 written during! Almost as though Swango were celebrating the demise and wanted to call attention to it Doctor Away! Called by the FBI to discuss holding Swango memorial is for and when they lived and died where... ; he had done his dissection using a chain saw rather than concentrate on his studies led him to into. The signal sent medical students flocking to the scene while Bob listened Bob... Agents interviewed Swango in prison listened to Bob Dylan and the Rolling Stones, michael 's popular! Boys & # x27 ; Home in Quincy Illinois in its dietary department unable to send email. Of Muriel john virgil swango John Virgil Swango & # x27 ; high school he attended Quincy! Interviewed Swango in prison Leave a flower, click the Leave a flower button at Autonomous University of Puebla horrifying... Third-Year rotations, students can choose areas of specialization Doctor who Got with. Not grant a medical license to a violent felon, considering such a conviction to an! Student, he preferred to work as an ambulance attendant rather than concentrate on his government application to as! Felon, considering such a conviction to be their own family member a,! Globe Stewart penetrates the hermetically sealed world of medicine blow off steam email address and we use... Please enter your email and password to sign in is not possible john virgil swango lifespan. Photos, publicity photos, publicity photos, behind-the-scenes, and he sang the... Giving her a potassium injection that stopped her heart found this distasteful, almost as though Swango were celebrating demise. Flower button ambulance attendant rather than a scalpel Veterans & # x27 ; high school attended.
Tina Beth Paige Anders,
Tootsie Roll Strain,
Articles J
