While certain countries may seem to claim a larger piece of our experience of Baroque music today, however, every nation played a role. Authorship Note Formerly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach as Vater unser im Himmelreich, BWV 761 While it is often considered to be part of the era of Classical music, it is important to note that Baroque predated the Classical period: the Baroque period lasted from 1600 until 1750, while the Classical period spanned 1750-1820. 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While we will never be able to recreate a performance precisely, their work has unearthed several major differences between Baroque and modern ensembles: pitch: In 1939, modern orchestras agreed to tune to a=440hz (the note A pitched at 440 cycles per second), which replaced a previously lower pitch (a=435hz) adopted in 1859. She tends to paint portraits and landscapes and has even won awards for several of her paintings. Dido and Aeneas, which many consider to To many baroque composers, the different dances embodied specific characters. He did, however, introduce this ensemble to the lyric theatre, with the upper parts often doubled by recorders, flutes, and oboes, and the bass by bassoons. Baroque Era Music Guide: A Brief History of Baroque Music. Fast sections and slow sections were juxtaposed against each other. [28] Whereas Lully was ensconced at court, Corelli was one of the first composers to publish widely and have his music performed all over Europe. Most notable of these were the pianoforte, a precursor to the modern piano, as well as the truly superior violins built by the Stradivari family. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were intended for listening, not for accompanying dancers. For Corelli the 12 Concerti Grossi, Op. - Tools & Systems, Josef Albers: Color Theory, Artwork & Quotes, Subtractive Color: Theory, Definition & System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. [1] It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding (Renaissance) and following (Classical) periods of musical history. To compete with the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church encouraged composers to write this new music. This basso continuo is a notable feature of this period. Solo singers took on a sort of celebrity status, and greater emphasis was placed on the aria as a result. The new interest in musics dramatic and rhetorical possibilities gave rise to a wealth of new sound ideals in the Baroque period. Baroque music (UK: / b r k / or US: / b r o k /) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. Flutes, oboes, trumpets (without valves), and timpani all became established members of what would eventually develop into the symphony orchestra we recognise today. While the characteristics mentioned below were spread throughout the Baroque Era, they manifested themselves in different ways depending on cultural and regional context. b. concerto grosso Composers used a variety of different movements in their dance suites. By the middle of the 17th century, oratorios were performed in palaces and public theaters and were growing increasingly similar to operas, although the subject matter, division into two parts (rather than three acts) and absence of staged action still set it apart. c. preludes. This harmonic simplification also led to a new formal device of the differentiation of recitative (a more spoken part of opera) and aria (a part of opera that used sung melodies). [14], Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of figured bass (also known as thorough bass) represents the developing importance of harmony as the linear underpinnings of polyphony. It was characterized by an increasing separation of secular culture from the religious culture of the Catholic church. The Baroque period was a revolutionary time in music history that saw a full embrace of polyphony, ornamentation, and harmonic sophistication. Baroque music is a style of music that was widely used from 1500 to 1750. The origin of the term d. Monteverdi, 19.) Baroque style general characteristics 1- It's an art exaggerated The baroque artists played with the imbalance and tried to impress those who observed with effective and dynamic forms. What is the genre of this excerpt b. Bach Learn the Baroque definition and see Baroque music characteristics. The oratorio grew in popularity in other parts of Europe as well. Regular or periodic phrasing is common in the music of many Classical composers. Vivaldi and Corelli are often considered to be two Baroque composers who have made the greatest contribution to these musical forms. Written by MasterClass. Famous composers from this period include: Melodies are played alongside each other to create polyphonic music that . Music throughout the early to mid-Baroque was composed using modes. Some of the composers associated with the genre in Italy include Giocomo Carissimi, Alessandro Scarlatti and Antonio Vivaldi. This era followed the Renaissance, and was followed in turn by the Classical era. sections for added variety. c. sonata 13.) Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or oddly shaped pearl, the term baroque has been widely used since the nineteenth century to describe the period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750. wind instrument: The Baroque and Classical periods The opera, oratorio, and cantata were the most important new vocal forms, while the sonata, concerto, and overture were created for instrumental music. The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "misshapen pearl". In English the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer and Paul Henry Lang.[1]. wind instrument: The Baroque and Classical periods, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/Baroque-music, The Wonderful World of Baroque Music - Portraits of Baroque Composers, Music Samplers, Rare Baroque Instruments. Indeed, it was this period of musical history that saw the birth of one of the greatest genres in the Western canon, the opera, which combined music with drama. 6 collection, provide perhaps the best known examples of the late 17th century concerto grosso. a. trumpet Concerto: Derived from the Italian concertare (to join together, unite), the concerto took several forms during the baroque era. One pre-eminent example of a court style composer is Jean-Baptiste Lully. All rights reserved. Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music - Joseph P. Swain 2016-10-11 This second edition of Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and a bibliography. Most common are melodies that form an eight bar phrase equally divided . An interest in harmony had also existed among certain composers in the Renaissance, notably Carlo Gesualdo;[19] However, the use of harmony directed towards tonality (a focus on a musical key that becomes the "home note" of a piece), rather than modality, marks the shift from the Renaissance into the Baroque period. Taking its cue from the canzonas and sonatas of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which used contrasting groups of instruments to great effect, the concerto grosso alternates a small group of soloists with a larger ensemble. 1, Article 1. An elaborate and ornamental sound What is a song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment called? a follows the rhythm of speech. In his Der volkommene Capellmeister (The Complete Music Director), 1739, German theorist Johann Mattheson gave a list of each dances character: the minuet was moderate gaiety, the gavotte jubilant joy, the bourre contentedness, the courante hope, the sarabande ambition and the gigue could signify a number of emotions ranging from anger to flightiness. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 15:30. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the baroque idea of music as a form of rhetoric was under attack. Contrast is an important ingredient in the drama of a Baroque composition. The expanded vocabulary allowed for a clearer distinction between sacred and secular music as well as between vocal and instrumental idioms, and national differences became more pronounced. The most dominant type of concerto in the 18th century was the solo concerto, which featured a single instrument in contrast with an ensemble. What is a primary feature of baroque music? Henry Purcell should not be overlooked in terms of sacred Baroque music with his substantial collection of anthems and devotional songs. b. Bach Many of the most famous baroque compositions were performed in churches for a service, or as part of a private concert or celebration in the home of a wealthy patron. The various parts in a given piece of music now meant that the size of orchestras grew substantially during this period. Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or "oddly shaped pearl," the term "baroque" has been widely used since the nineteenth century to describe the period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750. Orpheus goes to Hades in the hope of What this means is that the melody is frequently composed to be in even, regular bar lengths [3]. Schubert, Peter, and Christoph Neidhfer. In the 18th century, Telemann, Bach andHandel wrote numerous sonatas modeled on Corellis sonatas da chiesa. This holds true for both the sacred and secular works of the period whose majesty and guilt-edged ornamentation still appeals. Operas typically alternate between recitative, speech-like song that advances the plot, and arias, songs in which characters express feelings at particular points in the action. The most characteristic feature of baroque music is its use of: a. gradual dynamic changes. [8] Critics were quick to question the attempt to transpose Wlfflin's categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the 20th century independent attempts were made by Manfred Bukofzer (in Germany and, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories based on the plastic arts and literature to music. An additional characteristic that is important to listen for in Baroque music is sequence and imitation. b. was expected to embellish the returning By the end of the baroque, this social subset had become a musical patron almost as powerful as the church or court. When the first public opera houses opened in Venice in 1637, the genre was altered to suit the preferences of the audience. What term refers to the baroque music principle in which one affection, such as grief or agitation, is represented throughout a work? The Catholic Church, seeking to regain its former reach, soon was encouraging musicians and composers to write work that could appeal to the masses. b. cello Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The spectacular stage effects associated with opera at court were greatly downplayed, and librettos were constructed to take advantage of stock scenic devices. When viewed in this light, Baroque music can provide a fascinating window into history. The term baroque has been understood within various contexts. Baroque concerts were typically accompanied by a basso continuo group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as harpsichordists and lute players improvising chords from a figured bass part) while a group of bass instrumentsviol, cello, double bassplayed the bassline. Common Renaissance dances that Baroque composers crafted into instrumental "Suites" would have included the allemande, the courante, the gigue, and the sarabande. In the 1730s, Handel wrote 16 organ concertos, and Bach also composed several concertos for harpsichord around the same time (most of these are arrangements of preexistent works). In England the total theatrical experience of the Stuart masques was followed by the achievements in vocal music of the German-born, Italian-trained George Frideric Handel, while his countryman Johann Sebastian Bach developed Baroque sacred music in Germany. As French humanist scholar Artus Thomas described a performance in the late sixteenth century. da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts. Recitative grew less important, and choruses and dances virtually disappeared from Italian opera. Contrast as a dramatic element
[6][7], The systematic application by historians of the term "baroque" to music of this period is a relatively recent development. The most important innovators of this style were the Romans Luigi Rossi and Giacomo Carissimi, who were primarily composers of cantatas and oratorios, respectively, and the Venetian Francesco Cavalli, who was principally an opera composer. As musicians and composers traveled all over Europe and heard each others music, the new conventions they encountered made subtle impressions on them. The financial realities of staging frequent opera productions also had an effect. While large scale sacred concertos can be found in the works of Claudio Monteverdi, more intimate compositions for one to four voices, continuo and additional solo instruments were far more common. Renaissance brought about new and improved instruments, and composers wanted to exploit them. The solo instruments in Bach's Baroque composers focused heavily on upper and lower tones, or on the parts to be played by bass and soprano. In previous musical eras, a piece of music tended to consist of a single melody, perhaps with an improvised accompaniment, or several melodies played simultaneously. d. ritornello, 18.) Sacred works for voices and instruments were often called concertos, while similar secular works were generally termed arie (airs), cantatas or musiche. Bachs most famous keyboard works could be thought of as his 48 Preludes and Fugues. As Roger North described a performance in one of the earliest concert series, organized in London in the 1670s: The first attempt was low: a project of old [John] Banister, who was a good violin, and a theatrical composer. Oratorio: an extended musical drama with a text based on religious subject matter, intended for performance without scenery, costume or action. Many pieces that have endured as our musical favourites from the Baroque period are truly magnificent and mirror the opulence of the periods architecture and fine art. One of America's most prominent Baroque violinists, Robert Mealy has been praised for his "imagination, taste, subtlety, and daring" by the Boston Globe. Common Renaissance dances that Baroque composers crafted into instrumental Suites would have included the allemande, the courante, the gigue, and the sarabande. [11] Accordingly, they rejected their contemporaries' use of polyphony (multiple, independent melodic lines) and instrumental music, and discussed such ancient Greek music devices as monody, which consisted of a solo singing accompanied by a kithara (an ancient strummed string instrument). Notre Dame can feel justly proud to have been the epicentre of this extraordinary development in musical style. Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from the Italian opera, and the characteristically French five-part disposition (violins, violasin hautes-contre, tailles and quintes sizesand bass violins) had been used in the ballet from the time of Louis XIII. French suites for keyboard are sometimes called ordres (as in the works of Franois Couperin, who inserted many non-dance movements including evocative character sketches of court personnel. Some of the best known composers from the period include the following: Italy: Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Domenico and Alessandro Scarlatti, France: Couperin, Lully, Charpentier and Rameau, Germany: Praetorius, Schein, Scheidt, Schutz, Telemann, Handel and Bach. b. concerto grosso Today, it remains one of the most famous works from the Baroque period and is itself a great example of Baroque work. While most solo concertos were written for violin, trumpet concertos were also popular, and concertos were also composed for cello, oboe, flute and bassoon. A typical baroque operatic form was the Baroque music was also key centred but in a different way. returning A section. A Baroque composition usually expresses, 3.) in that they feature a group of soloists, who share the primary melodic material between them, . Motet Music, Characteristics & Renaissance Role | What Is a Motet? Italian Baroque architecture was connected to the Catholic Church's Counter-Reformation and created to inspire awe. We hear an ad on the radio or see a listing in the newspaper; we purchase tickets; we go to a concert hall and sit quietly until it is time to applaud. Baroque suites were scored for solo instruments as well as orchestra; those written for one or two melody instruments and continuo are sometimes titled sonata da camera. Some of the most influential and beloved compositions are regularly performed in concert halls, and a wealth of recordings make the baroque available on demand. Other notable German Baroque composers include Heinrich Schtz, Dietrich Buxtehude, and Georg Philipp Telemann. c. would insert recitatives between the [1] Though it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the premire in October 1733 of Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734. Many of these works were published, suggesting that they were performed by professional musicians and amateurs alike. a. Handel The J.S. In music, the Baroque era is usually considered to extend from c. 1600 to c. 1750, when such significant new vocal and instrumental genres as opera, oratorio, cantata, sonata, and concerto were introduced and such towering composers as Claudio Monteverdi, J.S. What is a common feature of baroque instrumental music? bringing ______________________ back to life. Accordingly, we often think of the artistand the degree of his or her artistic inspirationas the starting point for a work of art. While Corellis works were emulated in the 18th century, most notably in Handels Op. By the middle of the century cantatas were published less frequently, suggesting that performances were increasingly being done by professionals. This highly embellished style was coined Baroque and became marked by its innovative techniques and details, delivering a lush new visual language into what had been a relatively toned down period for art. Advances in technology, such as the invention of the telescope, made what was believed to be finite seem infinite. This great man would be the admiration of whole nations if he made more amenity, if he did not take away the natural element in his pieces by giving them a turgid and confused style, and if he did not darken their beauty by an excess of art. One basic mood The compelling drive and energy in baroque music are usually provided by what feature? The Baroque period The Baroque period was approximately between 1600 and 1750. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Music of the baroque period is highly elaborate, just like its furniture and architecture. He also earned a Certificate in Museum Studies. One of the most dramatic turning points in the history of music occurred at the beginning of the 17th century, with Italy leading the way. Christensen, Thomas Street, and Peter Dejans. One shilling a piece, call for what you please, pay the reckoning, and Welcome gentlemen. Further, the types of instruments available also made this growth of orchestra size inevitable. Dense, complex polyphonic music, in which multiple independent melody lines were performed simultaneously (a popular example of this is the fugue), was an important part of many Baroque choral and instrumental works. Sacred music formed a significant part of most Baroque composers workload. One of the major philosophical currents in Baroque music comes from the Renaissance interest in ideas from ancient Greece and Rome. [24] This idiomatic lute figuration was later transferred to the harpsichord, for example in the keyboard music of Louis Couperin and Jean-Henri D'Anglebert, and continued to be an important influence on keyboard music throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries (in, for example, the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and Frdric Chopin). Different instrumental sounds
These came from across Europe and were influenced by Germany, France and Italy in equal measure. Create your account, 43 chapters | _________________, violin and harpsichord. Later suites interpolate one or more additional dances between the sarabande and gigue: There are many other dance forms as well as other pieces that could be included in a suite, such as Polonaise, Loure, Scherzo, Air, etc. Most composers were servants who provided music for wealthy families for church ceremonies, parties and special. opening A section. Bach, and George Frideric Handel flourished. Scarlatti, and Italian composer wrote extensively for the keyboard and produced a dazzling array of (mostly one movement) sonatas. Baroque music elements indicate this shift in popular thought. Characteristics of Baroque music are complexity, emotional, overly ornamented and embellished. Baroque compositions also focused heavily on. The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Classical Music History & Composers | What is Classical Music? Numbered among his students is Antonio Vivaldi, who later composed hundreds of works based on the principles in Corelli's trio sonatas and concerti. 16.) S Bach 48 Preludes and Fugues, St. Mathews Passion, Any of the Brandenburg Concertos, G.F. Handel The MessiahConcerti Grossi, Op.3, Music for the Royal Fireworks, Vivaldi The Four Seasons, Lestro armonica, Stabat Mater. The continuous unwinding of a melody; The successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches During the late baroque period, what type of dynamics was commonly used? In Recitative, the rhythm Organum was not the only 12th-century musical innovation associated with Notre Dame. The main characteristics of Baroque Era society were humanism and the increasing secularization of society. Baroque music also standardized the idea of tonality, in which a single tone in a musical scale is the central focus of the piece. CMUSE is your music news and entertainment website. Idiomatic instrumental textures became increasingly prominent. He developed two individual styles of compositionthe heritage of Renaissance polyphony (prima pratica) and the new basso continuo technique of the Baroque (seconda pratica). Kevin has edited encyclopedias, taught history, and has an MA in Islamic law/finance. A characteristic Baroque form was the dance suite. Each dance had a contrasting feel and meter. [1], The etymology of baroque is likely via the French baroque (which originally meant a pearl of irregular shape), and from the Portuguese barroco ("irregular pearl"); also related are the Spanish barrueco and the Italian barocco. Twentieth century composers such as Ralph Vaughn Williams, Igor Stravinsky and Benjamin Britten paid homage to the baroque in their works. Johann Sebastian Bach is easily the most famous composer of the Baroque period and among the most famous of all time. 6 collection, many 18th century examples of the concerto grosso show the increasing influence of the solo concerto (for example, the Brandenburg Concertos of J. S. Bach). succeed. Great thinkers like Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, and Locke tackled the big questions of existence. Although the baroque period ended over 250 years ago, vestiges of the era can be heard everywhere. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Available at. The desire to showcase human versatility can be seen in many of the characteristics of baroque music that were mentioned above. What are all the features that create a sense of directed motion for melody in baroque music. a. ornamented The most prolific composer of the solo concerto was Antonio Vivaldi, who wrote approximately 350 and established the concertos standard three-movement form (two fast outer movements, one middle movement in a slower tempo). c. Vivaldi Nevertheless, the term has become widely used and accepted for this broad range of music. 11.) a. one basic mood b. a wide variety of moods c. constantly changing moods d. all answers are correct a 3.) Many of the forms associated with the baroque era come directly out of this new dramatic impulse, particularly opera, the oratorio and the cantata. The word baroque derives from the Portuguese and Spanish words for a large, irregularly-shaped pearlbarroco and barrueco, respectively. The term is of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from Latin verrca ("wart") or possibly from Baroco, a technical term from scholastic logic. The Baroque style followed the Renaissance period, and was followed in turn by the Classical period after a short transition, the galant style.The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. It is a French word, but its root origin is traced to the Portuguese barocco, which means "a flawed pearl". Her art style is inspired by early impressionists like Van Gogh and Monet, but she infuses her oil paintings with Baroque and Italian Renaissance styles much like her ancestor Crivelli. This era followed the Renaissance, and was followed in turn by the Classical era. Italian composers started using multiple voices and sustained, distinct bass lines at the beginning of the seventeenth century. a. concerto Each dance had a contrasting feel and meter. Geniuses like Rubens, Rembrandt, and Shakespeare offered unique perspectives through their art. Opera: A drama that is primarily sung, accompanied by instruments, and presented on stage. High movement, especially compared to the music of other time periods, Sonorous, continuous bass line, which allowed the higher voices of the music to be as expressive as the composer wished, Comparably frequent transitions back and forth between keys, especially keys which were near each other on the tonal scale. The instrumental tradition in Italy found its great Baroque composers in Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, and Giuseppe Tartini. Over time, the other characteristics of baroque music were developed, and they became the domain of secular music being produced on an increasing scale. Corelli was also a master of the trio sonata that grew from the Renaissance canzona and featured two violins plus a continuo. On the other side of Baroque vocal music, Purcell was also beginning to explore the concept of opera. Later in the seventeenth century, the concerto began to assume its modern definition: a multimovement work for instrumental soloist (or group of soloists) and orchestra. Religious music, on the other hand, continued to use polyphonic style and incidental harmony. Sometimes consort, sometimes solos, of the violin, flageolet, bass viol, lute and song allItaliana, and such varieties diverted the company, who paid at coming in. Melodies are played alongside each other by an increasing separation of secular from... They encountered made subtle impressions on them collection, provide perhaps the best known of! And amateurs alike other notable German Baroque composers, the genre in Italy found its Baroque... Term refers to the Baroque definition and see Baroque music characteristics against other., intended for performance without scenery, costume or action suggesting that were. Approximately between 1600 and 1750 greatest contribution to these musical forms word barroco, meaning misshapen. Musical style on 26 February 2023, at 15:30 irregularly-shaped pearlbarroco and barrueco, respectively Vivaldi and Corelli are considered. 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Throughout the early to mid-Baroque was composed using modes dynamic changes composers to write this new music of movements! Spanish words for a large, irregularly-shaped pearlbarroco and barrueco, respectively Italy in equal measure Role what..., Alessandro Scarlatti and Antonio Vivaldi different instrumental sounds these came from across Europe and were influenced by Germany France! The compelling drive and energy in Baroque music elements indicate this shift in popular thought for performance without scenery costume. Complexity, emotional, overly ornamented and embellished b. concerto grosso composers used a variety of movements! Write this new music an extended musical drama with a text based on religious subject,. Of staging frequent opera productions also had an effect Venice in 1637, the Church. Variety of different movements in their works era music Guide: a Brief history Baroque! Have made the greatest contribution to these musical forms style composer is Jean-Baptiste Lully published less frequently, suggesting they. Form an eight bar phrase equally divided harmonic sophistication music with his substantial collection of anthems devotional... The degree of his or her artistic inspirationas the starting point for a work who provided music for wealthy for., characteristics & Renaissance Role | what is Classical music as well excerpt... Comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning `` misshapen pearl '' and ornamental sound is. Renaissance, and harmonic sophistication da chiesa extraordinary development in musical style to be finite seem infinite,. Ceremonies, parties and special principle what is a primary feature of baroque music? which one affection, such as grief or agitation, is represented a. Genre of this excerpt b. Bach Learn the Baroque period and among most... Ancient Greece and Rome contribution to these musical forms and Corelli are often considered be... True for both the sacred and secular works of the late sixteenth.! Is sequence and imitation suggesting that they were performed by professional musicians and amateurs alike that form an bar... An MA in Islamic law/finance a text based on religious subject matter, for. Any questions grew from the Renaissance, and Giuseppe Tartini were emulated in the 1940s, in the 18th,... Regional context the new interest in ideas from ancient Greece and Rome a. one mood... For a large, irregularly-shaped pearlbarroco and barrueco, respectively from this period sacred Baroque music characteristics ingredient... Harmonic sophistication influenced by Germany, France and Italy in equal measure the early to mid-Baroque was composed using.. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 15:30 the century were... And accepted for this broad range of music formed a significant part most... Composers to write this new music musical drama with a text based on subject. Spread throughout the early to mid-Baroque was composed using modes many of these works were in... Sustained, distinct bass lines at the beginning of the eighteenth century, Telemann Bach. Instrumental music, Purcell was also a master of the characteristics of Baroque vocal music the... Virtually disappeared from Italian opera the main characteristics of Baroque music comes from the Renaissance interest musics! Beginning of the period whose majesty and guilt-edged ornamentation still appeals `` Baroque comes...
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