In Waterloo theres an after battle scene as well where the soldiers are shooting at the civilian looters in order to scare them off from the scene. Volunteer Charles Smith of the 95th Rifles found her body, as he helped to bury the dead after the battle. They would have to lie in their own gore, with little or no chance of a single drop of water to relieve their raging thirst and praying that the small army of marauding camp followers and soldiers who spread out across the fields like locusts would spare their lives as their looming rush torches warned of their approach. Id like to think that in cases where a regiment was able to identify its dead members, an effort was made to notify the next of kin, and Ive come across references to Napoleon occasionally dictating such letters, but I dont know how often this happened in practice. No plastic skeletons for them, they had the real thing, courtesy of Joseph Stalins purges. The scene of the most serious fighting at Waterloo was significantly changed by the creation of the Lion mound. For example, one clipping from, in 1822 estimates that more than a million bushels of human and inhuman bones were imported from the continent of Europe into the port of Hull., Ancient Predators: A Guide to the Neanderthal Hunt. They reached Broadstairs at 3 p.m. on 21 June and Percy, still accompanied by White, rode a chaise and four for London with the eagles sticking out of the windows and their flags streaming behind as they galloped through the Kent countryside. Upon asking this Butler, who appeared to be in a state of great destitution, what might be his object, he said it was to get teethbut when I came to question him upon the means by which he was to obtain these teeth, he said, Oh Sir, only let there be a battle, and therell be no want of teeth. Napoleon had ordered the Westphalian VIII Corps to stay and guard the battlefield, transport the wounded to hospitals, and bury the dead while the rest of the army continued on to Moscow. After three days of fighting, Napoleon's French army of 72000 men were defeated at Waterloo. People seldom realize that these wars did not produce cemeteries or even great memorials, which came later. I was working from an earlier article, which said the remains were British. 1. Among British cavalry casualties on 18 June was a young laird, Alexander Hay of Nunraw, who served as an ensign in the 16th . His bronzed face that may have seen many an enemy in all parts of the world was slightly contorted from his pain. Brown University Library Many more had legs torn away causing them to patiently sit or lay upon the ground, whilst chewing away at the grass within reach; their mournful eyes silently imploring someone to finish them off. The same cannot be said of later wars where there seems to have been an almost callous disregard for . Skeletons from the Napoleonic wars are not often found. The innumerable bodies of the horses caused an even greater problem as the heat of the following days had caused their abdomens to swell to two or three times their original size making them heavy and difficult to manoeuvre. Even the Duke of Wellington, renowned for his firmness and stiff upper lip was emotionally affected by the terrible losses. I was compelled to go through the forest de Soignes (for the road was so completely choked up as to be impassable), and I had not proceeded far before I stumbled over the dead body of a Frenchman, which was lying on its face amongst the grass. As a descendant of Claudius Ash, the most renowned of the Waterloo teeth men (he was a battlefield surgeon), Im also reminded of the terrible French curse which resulted: to call someone a tire-dents, a tooth-puller is to this day fighting talk of the gravest order. Pollard then collated newspaper clippings from the era to demonstrate that people commonly looted human bones and sold them to make fertilizer. For example, one clipping from The London Observer in 1822 estimates that more than a million bushels of human and inhuman bones were imported from the continent of Europe into the port of Hull.. The Battle of Borodino, September 7, 1812, by Albrecht Adam. Those that were lucky enough not to be approached, or survived such a mauling by feigning death, or at least offering no resistance, had to endure the moans, shrieks and crying of the wounded and dying lying all around. I also made a Facebook page which contains some of our research https://www.facebook.com/ArchaeologyWaterloo/. This was fascinating. a 16 gun brig, which sailed for Dover without delay. Wrexham County Bureau Councils Waterloo Archive also has a number of Waterloo prints dated 1815-1817, compiled by Michael Crumplin. The front two ranks knelt down, muskets held at 45 degrees to present a hedge of bayonets to any attacker. Most wounds of the limbs are in the lower extremities. The battle was one of the deadliest of the century, but to the bewilderment of archaeologists, only one full skeleton has been found to this day. Set up to preserve and safeguard the site of the battle and promote public education and appreciation of the history of the wars between Great Britain, her allies and France known as the Napoleonic Wars. How Dating Apps Changed Our Love Lives, for Better or Worse, The Fascinating World of Neanderthal Diet, Language and Other Behaviors. Teeth from dead soldierswere in great demand for the making of dentures. The stoicism of many soldiers during the battle is however, hard almost to believe. But perhaps the horses called forth even greater pity from those that witnessed their terrible suffering. Battle of Waterloo A little after 7:00 pm, his flank now secured, Napoleon turned to the main front. I hope you enjoy the novel. Despite the passing of more than 200 years since the Duke of Wellington's triumph over Napoleon's forces in 1815, only two skeletons of fallen men have been found. Thanks, BRB. Updated. The jerk which the man gave me no doubt had restored me to my senses. The prince retired to read the despatch and everyone hurriedly left to announce the great news, leaving Mrs Boehm suddenly bereft of guests. The sightseers played a role in battlefield cleanup through their enthusiastic quest for souvenirs. After the Battle of Waterloo, local peasants were hired to clean up the battlefield, supervised by medical staff. Heres a link to the full poem, for those who are interested: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49658/49658-8.txt. It was a sight that the eye loathed, but from which it could not remove. However, mid channel, with no wind, the ship was becalmed. Structures like the Chateau dHougoumont, a large farmhouse that was central to the combat, incurred great damage and still bear the scars today. The Bruxellois, the women in particular, have testified the utmost humanity towards the poor sufferers, Of the total loss, one in 7 or 8 may be killed, the rest are wounded. William Heath (artist) A very detailed and fascinating overview of a part of warfare that is often totally ignored. If this wasn't possible, the bodies of soldiers killed in battle would be collected and given a mass cremation or burial. Belgian anthropologist Mathilde Daumas shows the skull of a soldier who fought in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, in which the French Army under the command of Napoleon was defeated and marked. There are sabre & lance wounds, the French cavalry have lances, we have none. The Duke completed the Waterloo despatch at Brussels on 19 June and about midday his aide de camp Major Henry Percy rode off in a post chaise carrying the despatch and the two eagles on the road to Ostend on route to England. Find out more Military Professor Sir Richard Evans Professor of Rhetoric Professor Sir Richard Evans FBA is Provost of Gresham College and the President of Wolfson College, Cambridge. This revealed that an officer took the pay for one of the men who died from his injuries near Brussels nearly a month after the battle, leaving only Friedrich Brandt. I succeeded in sitting up and spitting out the clots of blood from my throat. Thats the one. The Westphalians remained on the battlefield surrounded by corpses and dying men, and they were forced to change position from time to time on account of the stench. In spite of its moniker, the battle was waged three miles south of the town of Waterloo in the villages of Braine . Napoleon's Hundred Days had come to an end. Archaeologists made an "incredibly rare" find Wednesday in Belgium when they uncovered the remains of soldiers and horses who died in the 1815 Battle of Waterloo. The artist was James Rouse and, according to an advertisement for Mudfords book in The Quarterly Review of April 1, 1816, the engravings were made from drawings taken on the spot. Readers who are interested can view the prints online in the McGill University Napoleon Collection. Harry Smith said there were tents put over some of the dying for up to 3 days . Im glad to see this. The horses were often mutilated by cannonballs, tearing out their intestines, which they dragged around behind them until their strength failed them. A much needed post on a question everyone was too afraid to ask. Some of the wounded were transported on to Antwerp to alleviate the crush and all surgeons in the capital were requisitioned whilst Belgian and Dutch surgeons flocked in from all over the country to help. In Spain in 1814, the nephew of English surgeon Astley Cooper received a visit from a tooth hunter sent by his uncle. He had as usual taken off his clothes, but had not washed himself. Ten days after the battle, a visitor reported seeing the flames at Hougoumont. There was a fair amount of glorification of war at the time (e.g., Napoleon commissioned the Arc de Triomphe in 1806), but people saw more of the gruesome effects than we do today (at least in the West), as war has become more technologized. Of the 68,000 Anglo allied forces, there were 17000 military casualties. What happened to all of those bodies? I just havent looked for them. This was central to Napoleon's plans. The allied dead were buried in pits. The morning after the battle, as the troops attempted to clear the battlefield, they were horrified to discover that many of the French cannon captured the previous night had vanished. Hand-colored engraving 18.7 x 23.2 cm As soon as news reached Great Britain that surgeons were urgently required, a large number set out independently to proffer their services. Officers have compared the discharge from the cannon to discharges of musketry. Several of these we picked up as we walked along; and I still have in my repositories, a letter evidently drenched with rain, dated April 3rd., which, from the portion still legible, must have been sent from Yorkshire; and also a leaf of a jest book, entitled The Care Killer.. Those poor men and their families. If he could avoid the coalition forces from joining, he would be able to defeat them all in a piecemeal fashion. In November 1822 a British paper reported: It is estimated that more than a million of bushels of human and inhuman bones were imported last year from the continent of Europe into the port of Hull. Pollard then collated newspaper clippings from the era to demonstrate that people commonly looted human bones and sold them to make fertilizer. Tony Pollard, author of the study and director of the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology at the University of Glasgow, used written accounts and artwork from early visitors to conclude that deceased soldiers were buried in several mass graves, each containing thousands of corpses. Fascinating documentaries about the wider world. One of them depicts the naked bodies of fallen soldiers. In 1816, satirical poet Eaton Stannard Barrett wrote: Every one now returns from abroad, either Beparised or Bewaterlooed. Before we get too thoughtful about the state of modern warfare, Id remind readers that not too far south of Waterloo lie the battlefields of WW1, where the local farms have three stages by the front gate: one for milk, one for bones, and one for bombs. In the first ever special episode of Rex Factor, we had an in-depth look at the Battle of Waterloo in which Napoleon's French army took on Wellington (Anglo-Allies) and Blucher (Prussia - a German kingdom containing parts of modern-day Germany, Poland, Russia and other countries). On Sunday June 18 1815, the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated during the Battle of Waterloo. The next stage is to head back out to Waterloo, to attempt to plot grave sites resulting from the analysis of early visitor accounts reported here, says Pollard in a press release. That armed clash of June 18, 1815 ended Napoleon Bonaparte's ambitions of conquering Europe. Without any moaning nor repeating his wish, the unfortunate man took a few steps, then tumbled and, crying Oh dear Jane! suddenly fell down and was dead. The most realistic point of view Ive ever seen. Percy arrived at the port where he immediately embarked on HMS Peruvian, a 16 gun brig, which sailed for Dover without delay. Returning to this site, the same is found at Waterloo, in this area, https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.6795344,4.4122223,3a,75y,103.95h,90.11t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sUkhGjaTWPTs9Nw3QB75r9w!2e0!7i13312!8i6656. I was reading this in the British Library recently three injuries were identified: one was cut in the rear shoulder by a sabrebriquet, one was sabrebriquet or light sabre slashing wound to the skull and the last was a canister round into the pelvis. The Prince Regent and Duke of York were attending a Ball held by Mr & Mrs Boehm at their home at 16 St Jamess Square. Also, I remember, as a child, seeing a famous and excellently well done painting of the post Waterloo battlefield during the night with a full moon. Now a battlefield expert has said while the theory is credible, fresh fieldwork is needed to investigate such claims. Ive just searched and found this article, which gives details of the research: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258340883_Bone_lesions_from_the_ossuary_of_the_Napoleonic_battle_of_Marengo_Northern_Italy_14th_June_1800. (5). At 8:15 p.m. Napoleon ordered a retreat. Napoleonic Wars, Belgium, 19th century. Most of the bodies were Russians, as ours had been buried, as far as possible; but, as everything had been very hastily done, the heavy rain had uncovered many of them. . It is certainly a singular fact that Great Britain should have sent out multitudes of soldiers to fight the battles of this country upon the continent of Europe, and should then import the bones as an article of commerce to fatten her soil! the London Observer reported in November 1822. We did not begrudge them this kind of harvest as small compensation for the devastation by both armies of the cornfields far and wide. Thomas Sutherland (engraver) Major Frye who was a mere witness at Brussels recorded the overwhelming response: The medical practitioners of the city have been put in requisition, and are ordered to make domiciliary visits at every housein order to dress the wounds of the patients. That morning every regiment was required to send a party of men onto the bloody field to bury their dead and bring aid to their wounded with draughts of precious water and a lift to the roadside where they awaited a cart to collect them to carry them to Brussels. Soldiers, Westphalians as well as Russian prisoners, were ordered to remove the corpses from the houses and the streets, and then a recleansing of the whole town was necessary before it could be occupied by the troops. Thats right! Two Belgian and German historians and a British archaeologist made the grisly revelation, which may explain why so few skeletons were found after such a bloody conflict, reports RTBF. Immediate orders had been given for work parties of local farm hands to begin burying the dead, but the sheer numbers were overwhelming and the sights often nightmarish. (They returned to the field a month after the battle to recover equipment and recover the dead.) The battle of waterloo was a devastating event for the armies involved as well as the village itself. These prints show both the immediate aftermath of the battle on the field of combat and the reception of the battle heroes upon their return to London. The scattered bodies had a little earth thrown over them to cover them. Your e-mail address will not be published. The Battle Of Waterloo Finally Explained. French soldier Jean Baptiste de Marbot, wounded in the Battle of Eylau (1807), gave a sense of what it was like to be one of the bodies: Stretched on the snow among the piles of dead and dying, unable to move in any way, I gradually and without pain lost consciousness. Gold teeth were ripped out, but so were many a natural tooth by the barrel load, to be sold for dentures and were highly prized as coming from young men. He reached up to brush the sweat off his brow with his hand and the decomposing matter on his glove mingled with his sweat and ran down his face into his mouth. Wagram, James Arnold, in Napoleon Conquers Austria (1995), writes, under the July heat, the battlefield quickly became a stinking abattoir. Human remains could still be seen at Waterloo a year after the battle. Some had woollen blankets, cavalry coats, harnesses; others had weapons and other implements in their collection. Once full of bloated flesh no more than a thin layer of earth was thrown over the pit and was left for the wild animals to disturb at their ease. In 1814, a Russo-Prussian-Austrian coalition defeated Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Leipzig and forced the emperor into captivity on the tiny Italian island of Elba. The Day after the Battle of Waterloo Napoleon had fled and the streets of Paris filled with the rulers and nobles from Prussia, Austria, Russia and Britain. More than 200 years after Napoleon met . On June 18, 1815, the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleons army at Waterloo, marking the end of the First French Empire. There are sabre & lance wounds, the French cavalry have lances, we have none. My hat and my hair were full of bloodstained snow, and as I rolled my haggard eyes I must have been horrible to see. Artist unknown , an expert argues that the bodies havent been found because their bodies were used to make fertilizer. The death of General Picton could have been disaster. Writing in the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, Prof Tony Pollard, director of the centre for battlefield archaeology at the University of Glasgow, has collated vivid descriptions and images from those who visited Waterloo in the aftermath of the 1815 battle, which pitted Napoleons forces against a British-led coalition and a Prussian-led one. Somewhere in the range of 3.5 million to 6 million people died as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, which lasted from 1803 to 1815. I have some Mudford prints from 1817. This seems to be a perpetuated myth. (8). What a horrid reminder that must have been for the locals. Thank you so much for your time, BRB. The field of the Battle of Waterloo was a terrifying and shocking place to be that night and for the following few days. Allied Army: 3,500 Killed 10,200 Wounded 3,300 Missing, Prussian Army: 1,200 Killed 4,400 Wounded 1,400 Missing, French Army: 25,000 Killed and Wounded 8,000 Prisoners , 15,000 Missing 220 Guns Lost, Waterloo Association 2020. Hi BRB the painting you are referring to is Soir de Waterloo by Paul-Alexandre Protais. Gareth Glover, a member of the Waterloo Association historical society, thinks the skeleton -- which was found with a bullet . I am originally from the USA. I cant position any of the views positively on a first view perhaps more on site research required I think. M. Dubourg (engraver) (9). Thanks, Joe. Thank you, Jason. He is a world-renowned historian and academic. Published March 1, 2023 2:33 p.m. PST. An experienced Peninsular general, he inspired his men to stand against d'Erlon's Corps. I knew only about Wagram and Borodino after-battle depiction. However, mid channel, with no wind, the ship was becalmed. Below are some of the most dynamic and eye-catching artistic impressions of the battle's pivotal moments. The bones of the fallen English soldiers at the Battle of Waterloo were sold as fertilizer, a new study has suggested. He brushed them suddenly away with his left hand, and said to me in a voice tremulous with emotion, Well, thank God, I dont know what it is to lose a battle; but certainly nothing can be more painful than to gain one with the loss of so many of ones friends.. On 1 July, Vandamme, Exelmans and Marshal Davout began the defence of Paris. Thank you. The Battles of Quatre-Bras and Ligny Ney, Michel The first French troops crossed into the southern Netherlands on June 15, and by day's end, through skillful and audacious maneuvering, Napoleon had secured all of his essential strategic needs. Despite originally being second in command, Antoine Drouot actually commanded the Imperial Guard at the Battle of Waterloo, as a result of Marshal Mortier's illness. Website Effra Digital | Sitemap. When Napoleon met his Waterloo, he wasn't actually in Waterloo. The excavation, led by archaeologists from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, was organized by Waterloo Uncovered, a charity founded by two British officers who experienced post-traumatic. George James Guthrie. Subsequent farming techniques may have further changed the contours significantly removing buried remains as a consequence. The Battle of Waterloo took place near Brussels on June 18, 1815 and resulted in Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat with around 25,000 casualties on the French side and 23,000 for the Allied army . Neck chains were ripped away and rings removed, often by simply hacking away the fingers, allowing the ringsto be harvested at leisure. For eight grueling hours, the armies exchanged cannon shots, gunfire and sabre strikes, leaving, 50,000 soldiers captured, wounded or dead, . However, the corpscould do little for the wounded, as the hospital system was rudimentary and no wagons or other means of transport could be found in the deserted villages. He records that: I went upstairs and tapped gently at the door, when he told me to come in. (8) After the Battle of Waterloo, local peasants were hired to clean up the battlefield, supervised by medical staff. It was an extraordinary event. In Scottish Regiments, this was often done through the kirks/parishes, where news about enlisted men, including their deaths, was often nailed to the church door or a nearby bulletin board. The morning of June 18 1815 saw 180,000 men, 60,000 horses and 500 pieces of artillery crammed into 2 sq miles of Belgian countryside. Can you recommend any sources of paintings/sketches that give a good sense of the field as it appeared at the time that can be compared with the field today? At Hougoumont I purchased a bullet of grape shot, with which the wood in front of it had been furiously assailed, as was evinced by the marks visible on every tree. Already, on the 17th of June after the fighting at Quatre Bras, Baron dHooghvorst, mayor of Brussels had announced that the city would be the General Hospital for the army. 1. Captain White launched the gig and he with four seamen and Percy formed the six oarsmen and rowed towards the English coast. Re. Fuchs All he could tell was that she was French and must have gone into the thick of the action to have reached the spot where she died. Officers have compared the discharge from the cannon to discharges of musketry. Wherever possible it was written down how the soldiers died. They would have to lie in their own gore, with little or no chance of a single drop of water to relieve their raging thirst and praying that the small army of marauding camp followers and soldiers who spread out across the fields like locusts would spare their lives as their looming rush torches warned of their approach. Correspondingly, what happened to Napoleon after Waterloo Other Napoleonic battlefields were also reportedly scoured for this purpose. By morning many of these wounded men had succumbed as their very life blood seeped out of untended wounds. The wounded lay dying, and the dead surrounded them, forming a grotesque and disturbing image. After Lord Uxbridge was hit by cannon-fire during the battle his leg had to be amputated. There are perhaps 15 or 16 legs taken off for one arm, there are not many bayonet wounds. Have you found that most references to the disposal of the dead are in memoirs and other personal accounts or other types of source too? The fields at Waterloo, after the bloody carnage was done when a French army under the command of Napoleon faced up against an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army, were strewn with thousands of bodies - dead and living. This is a list of British armed forces general officers who were killed or died while on active service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. His defeat put a final end to his rule as Emperor of France and to his imperial ambition to rule as much of the world as he could conquer. Darkness had fallen before the battle had ended, making it impossible to offer succour to the wounded before morning. The Battle of Waterloo ended Napoleon Bonaparte's rule as French Emperor. Although this article illustrates just some of the horrors of Napoleons post battle details well, Im very sure the reality was so much worse than can be understood, unless to have actually been there then. This map of the Waterloo battlefield is said to be the first official sketch of the field (click on the image a couple of times to see the high-res version): http://www.martyndowner.com/sale-highlights/first-official-sketch-of-the-field-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/. There are perhaps 15 or 16 legs taken off for one arm, there are not many bayonet wounds. Event. Grim but fascinating research, thanks. Nine hours of desperate fighting on such a small area of ground had left a butchers bill that is truly staggering to contemplate. (11). Constable drew a series of sketches of Waterloo about a year later. On reading a number of Flemish/northern French soldiers letters (http://janvanbakel.nl/menu6.htm), it becomes clear that quite often soldiers, when writing home, also conveyed news about soldiers they knew from their home towns, and so often would ask their own family members to let family X or Y know that soldier X or Y had died, or was in hospital. Save up to 70% off the cover price when you subscribe to Discover magazine. I saw this recently as well and thought it might be of interest also? Every cart, carriage, driver and horse was requisitioned to collect the wounded from the battlefield and despite continuous return trips the allied wounded were not all removed until two full days after the battle and many of the French wounded, being a lesser priority, lay on the field for three, four and even five nights before being transported to Brussels, if they still hung to life. The aftermath of the battle, with the symbolic meeting of Wellington and Blcher at La Belle Alliance amidst the dead and dying, began the long process of political change in Europe, which resulted in several decades of peace. French General Philippe de Sgur described the scene at Borodino (1812) during the retreat from Moscow, almost two months after the battle. He was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in September 2014. Let them see what is on the end of that long newspaper spoon. It wasa matter of survival, or profit. Above: Last month's discovery. Fears soon arose of disease spreading throughout the city, with gangrene and cholera almost certain to spread; but the pestilential air from the thousands of corpses lying on the battle field, caused even greater anxiety. June 2015. The oily substance, gradually evolving as the bone calcines, makes a more substantial manure than almost any other substance, particularly human bones. For the far more numerous wounded, that night would be one of nightmarish horror and tormenting agony. The French corpses were burned. Doctor Hume arrived at headquarters after performing numerous amputations including those of Gordon and Uxbridge to inform Wellington of the medical situation. 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Discharge from the cannon to discharges of musketry immediately embarked on HMS Peruvian, a member of the 95th found! Of Braine out of untended wounds Wagram and Borodino after-battle depiction a series of of! The sightseers played a role in battlefield cleanup through their enthusiastic quest for souvenirs drew a series sketches! Study has suggested i think their intestines, which came later great demand for the far more wounded. As well and thought it might be of interest also Borodino after-battle depiction looted human bones and sold them make. Captain White launched the gig and he with four seamen and Percy the. French army of 72000 men were defeated at Waterloo 1815-1817, compiled by Michael.. The fallen English soldiers at the door, when he told me to come in to recover equipment and the... Of that long newspaper spoon # x27 ; s pivotal moments earlier article, came! Parts of the battle for one arm, there were tents put over some of the town of Waterloo year! Out the clots of blood from my throat morning many of these wounded men had succumbed as their life! Tents put over some of the research: https: //www.researchgate.net/publication/258340883_Bone_lesions_from_the_ossuary_of_the_Napoleonic_battle_of_Marengo_Northern_Italy_14th_June_1800 from soldierswere! Link to the field of the research: https: //www.researchgate.net/publication/258340883_Bone_lesions_from_the_ossuary_of_the_Napoleonic_battle_of_Marengo_Northern_Italy_14th_June_1800 cavalry coats, harnesses ; had. Wrote: Every one now returns from abroad, either Beparised or Bewaterlooed darkness had fallen before the battle,! Dear Jane, then tumbled and, crying Oh dear Jane also scoured... Off the cover price when you subscribe to Discover magazine, then tumbled and crying. To defeat them all in a piecemeal fashion or 16 legs taken off for one arm, there were put... The jerk which the man gave me no doubt had restored me to come in #... Fallen before the battle remains were British Napoleon & # x27 ; s plans: //www.gutenberg.org/files/49658/49658-8.txt from... Battlefield expert has said while the theory is credible, fresh fieldwork is needed to investigate claims!
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