By 1934, his company owned the George T. Stagg Distillery (Ancient Age) and the James E. Pepper Distillery (James E. Pepper whiskey) among others. The log was then stood upright and filled from the top with fermented mash. The world of bourbon is complex and the brands are numerous. The years between 1920 and 1933 are usually associated with speakeasies, bootleggers, bathtub gin, and gangsters, and, indeed, for some, those were the highlights of the decade. Two quotes from Lincoln often are used out of context and make him sound like a drinking man; both are taken from a speech he made to the Springfield Washington Temperance Society in 1842. Owsley Brown (Brown-Forman), Frank Thompson (Glenmore), and a group of other concerned distillers met with attorneys from the Wholesale Liquor Dealers Association in Washington, D.C. Their aim was to unite the entire distilled spirits industry, write a code of conduct (it was actually drafted by Harris William of the Department of Agriculture) that would be acceptable to all, and convince everyone to sign it. Dating back to 1608, this brand has stood the test of time and not much has changed since the beginning. It was split into many smaller companies, but some of these companies then joined together again as the Distilling Company of America, and in 1899, that company found itself under federal investigation. In 1865, Benjamin Harris Blanton started distilling whiskey in Leestown on the site where the Ancient Age Distillery now produces Blantons Single Barrel Bourbon. These prices could be much higher in cities or for name brand liquors. (In her spare time Nation published a newsletter called Hatchet and another known as Smashers Mail.). And beer was made in relatively copious quantities in the 1600s. Needless to say, however, soldiers on both sides were, for the most part, hungry, cold, frightened, and sorely in need of solace wherever they could find it. Furthermore, we can track the creation of bourbon and Tennessee whiskey back to their very roots--a rare opportunity when the subject is food or drink. In 1791, George Washington approved an excise tax on liquor. Only 140 bottles w Frenchman Jean Pierre Brissot wrote of his 1788 trip to Boston (Nouveau Voyage dans les tats-Unis de lAmrique septentrionale, 1791), The rum distilleries are on the decline since the suppression of the slave trade, in which this liquor was employed. Then, in 1807, the Embargo Act restricted the importation of molasses from British ports, and the following year, the importation of slaves was made illegal altogether, completely destroying the triangle trade among the U.S., Africa, and the West Indies. Dr. James Crow, a born and bred Scotsman, was working as a distiller in Kentucky around 1823. From that latter port, American whiskey could be shipped to anywhere in the world. States reacted to the prohibition with varying degrees of complicity. Although these rogues would grow more prevalent during the latter part of the century, by 1860 there was already at least one book on the market that gave instructions on how to make imitation liquors and wines. Hence, people such as John Thompson Street Brown, father of George Garvin Brown (Old Forester), and the Weller brothers (W. L. Wellers sons), along with many other Kentuckians, served in the Confederate Army. After news of the occurrence reached the ears of similar-minded women around the country, over 50,000 promoters of temperance followed suit. They were shipping whiskey to all sorts of colorful Western towns--Laramie, Tombstone, Dodge City--but it wasnt always too good; much was completely unaged and cut with water. Since there wasnt a great deal in the way of entertainment back then, almost everyone was interested in a dram of whiskey. Many others were hauled into court and fined for their lack of cooperation. After the companys 1934 fiscal year didnt turn out to be as profitable as predicted, its president, Owsley Brown, did the honorable thing and offered half of his stock to his disappointed investors in lieu of a dividend. Their company would later merge with the Weller company and become known as Stitzel-Weller. Thus, he teamed up with Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle, and together they lobbied for the Bottled in Bond Act of 1897.. Two bottles were sold in Glasgow in 2010, one to a US-based collector and one to a UK-based investor. But 21 years had passed since Prohibition had taken such wonderful, big-bodied, rich, flavorful whiskeys away from the public. Another bone of contention on the Craig theory is the fact that since Craig never actually lived in Bourbon County (he was based slightly to the west of the county border), some people claim that this discredits him completely from ever having made a whiskey known as bourbon. Jim Beam died in 1915 *1947 and his son, T. Jeremiah (Jere) Beam, picked up where his father left off. Whiskey spurred the women of America to lead a crusade that led to Prohibition, and has played a part in every major war this nation has seen. Wax, leather and corroded copper nameplates all adorn the unique rectangular bottle shape. And the law had won. After taking a 10-year sabbatical from the industry, he returned to his whiskey roots, bought a plant in Loretto that he named Star Hill Farm, and started to produce Makers Mark bourbon in 1953. 1. Rumors of the Whiskey Ring were rife at this point, and many upstanding aides at the White House breathed a sigh of relief when Benjamin Bristow was appointed to the Treasury--he was a very well respected man. The father of our country really knew how to look after his children; he actually suggested that public distilleries be constructed throughout the states citing that, The benefits arising from the moderate use of strong liquor have been experienced in all armies and are not to be disputed.. The Pepper family was one of the few Kentucky distillers who could afford the taxes that spurred the Whiskey Rebellion. That year saw the birth of yet another organization, The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, made up of many brewers, distillers, and some very wealthy and influential people, DuPont family members among them. Beam family members, however, not being the sort to lay claim to falsehoods, say that their records indicate that it was 1795 before their forebear actually sold his first barrel of whiskey. These are mere incidents in its progress. However, since the majority of brewers and distillers thought of the drys as not much more than religious fanatics, they chose not only to ignore them, but foolishly carried on doing business as usual--a bad move, and one that would eventually lead to their downfall. In the 1960s and 1970s drinking was a fun-filled pastime: Americans reveled in all of the glories of the barroom, cocktails were served in myriad pastel hues and in copious quantities. 84 Proof which pays homage to the year 1984 when the Montana State Men's . And although it is possible that some early settlers built their own from imported raw materials, most were probably imported from Europe. 9: Alcohol and the City 1800-1900. In those days, rum was known by many different names: Rumbullion, rumbustion, rumbowling, kill-devil, rhumbooze, and Barbados water were all common terms for the distillate of sugar cane or molasses. The biggest whiskey company was the National Distillers Products Corporation, a reputable company formed in the 1920s that was an indirect offshoot of the disreputable Whiskey Trust of the late nineteenth century. Those distillers whose whiskey had gained a good reputation started to give their product a name, and deserving of mention here is Oscar Pepper who, in 1838, built the Old Pepper Distillery, hired James Crow as master distiller, and marketed their whiskey as Old 1776--Born with the Republic. The name referred to Oscars father, Elijah, who settled in Kentucky in 1776 and made whiskey shortly thereafter; its one of the earliest references to whiskey men marketing their product. Schenley changed the wording on the label to Whiskey--A Blend--All Straight Whiskeys, but it was too late--the brand died. Any search for the first bourbon whiskey should begin with a look at what made Kentucky so darned perfect for such a whiskey to have been created there: Kentucky was an area with plentiful trees (17 varieties of oak are native to the state), pristine, limestone-filtered water, and arable land. Whiskey was most often called "firewater" in the Wild West. Their whiskey would eventually be known as I. W. Harper. Barley was also grown in these states, and it was familiar to the farmers and distillers. Since the late 1700s when whiskey was first shipped down south, a number of Kentuckys whiskey makers had come to rely heavily on Southern states demand and market for their products. Some canny souls of the period between, say, 1800 and 1840, probably savvy distillers who managed to put two and two and two together and eventually arrive at six, must have noticed that, not only was this aged whiskey smoother than the raw product straight from the still, but also that the stuff that came from expensive brand new casks didnt have quite the finesse of that from the used casks that had been charred to clean them up. Over 2,000 barrels of whiskey were shipped out of Kentucky in 1820, and it was widely known as bourbon. Also in 1935, the Austin Nichols company, previously concerned solely with the food business, took an interest in whiskey and other liquors. The most unfortunate outcome of the events surrounding the Whiskey Trust was that many small distilleries simply disappeared, while others were left under the control of large concerns. The timing was brilliant. Here again, the whiskey business contributed to the war effort by keeping cattle and pigs well fed when food for the general populace was at a premium. But, as we well know, if the public wants whiskey they shall jolly well have it, and the people who profited most from this very high tax were none other than the moonshiners. B. Dant, son of J. W. Dant, built the Cold Spring Distillery in 1865 and would soon produce Yellowstone Bourbon. Members lectured and wrote to prominent people on both sides of the issue trying to bank the fire a little. In Europe, the first temperance organization had come into being in Ireland in 1818 (later known as the Ulster Temperance Society), and similar organizations sprung up in Scotland, England, Norway, and Sweden in the first half of the nineteenth century. The term moonshine was probably coined by the Scots when new laws introduced in 1781 drove them to establish stills way up in the hills that could be operated surreptitiously, literally by the light of the moon. The temperance advocates had gained a strong foothold by 1860, but the population had bigger things to worry about as tensions between the states mounted and the country braced itself for war. Now and then one is caught, that must happen pro forma and then he must do time or, if he is wealthy enough, get someone to do time for him. The filthy saloons, the gin mills which formerly flourished on every corner and in which the laborer once drank off half his wages, have disappeared. 60During the 1800's, many ventured west in search of a new frontier. During these formative years the business of rectifying whiskey became popular. Ingredients were: 1 gal. He was thinking of running for a third term--even though he had once told Congress that he was not prepared for the office at all--and people within his administration despaired of some of the people he had chosen to work alongside him. A paper, written in 1993 by Mervel V. Hanes, M.D. George A. Dickel died in 1894 from injuries sustained in an 1888 fall from a horse. Once again, it would be the men with deep pockets who could afford to cope with the new regulations that came with Repeal. For George Garvin Brown, this book was more than his way of countering the drys movement, it was a personal mission; he was a deeply religious man whose association with his church had been threatened because of his involvement in the whiskey business, and he honestly deplored the drys using the word of the Lord to promote their quest. In his book, Nothing Better In The Market, John Ed Pearce says that only 10 such medicinal whiskey permits were applied for, and although the reasons for such a small number arent quite clear, it was possible that most people in the industry simply thought the permits not worth the bother. And according to various industry documents of the time, it was used in a variety of fairly astounding ways: A by-product of making any form of beverage alcohol from grain is the leftover mash, which is dried and used as feed for farm animals. A bottle of Old Crow in 1916 would have cost $2 to $3, depending on its age (the $3 bottling was distilled in 1884, the less expensive one in 1904), and rye whiskey at the time was being sold at similar prices. The James B. Beam Distilling Company was formed in 1933; it was purchased by what is now the American Brands Company in the 1960s and is currently called the Jim Beam Brands Company. Distillers throughout the country were vexed about these new taxes, but nowhere did their anger turn into violent revolution as universally as in Pennsylvania. Paul Jones introduced his Four Roses whiskey to Kentucky in 1888. Carson states that one colonel from Georgia was actually making whiskey himself--prohibition be damned. He died in 1917. appearing to be friends of the law and just to round out his argument, Washington claimed that many persons in the said western parts of Pennsylvania have at length been hardy enough to perpetrate acts which I am advised amount to treason. However, several historians hypothesize that one of the goals behind Washingtons rallying federal troops to quash the Whiskey Rebellion, was to see whether or not the troops would muster. When the Pennsylvanians arrived in Kentucky, they were met by other masters of the still who had preceded them by a couple of decades and started some new whiskey-making traditions. But toward the end of Prohibition, those who were still producing whiskey were busy making plans for Repeal. Most goods at this time were sold locally by portions--the buyer knew to bring his or her own flour sack, barrel, tub, or jug to the purveyor, who filled it with flour, oats, lard, or whiskey. Lincolns secretary, John Hay, when recording the 1863 arrival of the Sons of Temperance at the White House, noted that the group blamed the defeats of Union troops on intemperance among the soldiers. While the United States was searching for an identity, certain families were forming the basis for what were to become major whiskey empires. In fact, the lottery winners paid nothing at all for the property; the only requirement was that they had to clear their plot of land and build a house, at least 16-feet-square, on it. It was partially due to these efforts that Prohibition would be repealed some 13 years later. In 1893, one of the most colorful characters ever to grace the whiskey industry, Julius Pappy Van Winkle, entered the whiskey business as a salesman for W. L. Weller and Son. Russian businessman Peter A. Demens wrote about their nasty business in Sketches of the North American United States, 1895, Several weeks ago the Illinois whiskey trust by hired agents dynamited a distillery in Chicago that refused to enter the combine.. For some reason, everyone seems to want to know the name of the very first person to make bourbon. The movement became known as the Womens Crusade and led to the 1874 formation of the Womens Christian Temperance Union in Cleveland, Ohio. Interestingly, the Redemption Website contradicts this information by listing that only 600 bottles were produced. This figure, of course, is somewhat difficult to comprehend until you learn that the same table estimates that, using the same criteria, in 1970, consumption was at 2.5 gallons. After that time, surveyors and prospectors offered land for sale at very reasonable prices to pioneers heading west. These scalawags blended small amounts of straight whiskey with huge quantities of flavorless neutral grain spirits (distilled out at a very high proof in Coffeys continuous still) and a few flavorings; and yet they sold their product as straight whiskey.. In 1777, the newly formed United States of America adopted the Stars and Stripes as the Continental Congress flag, and George Washington was concerned that his troops didnt have enough liquor. Tennessee whiskey must be made in Tennessee, while bourbon can be produced anywhere in the United States. Stitzel, Glenmore, Schenley, Brown-Forman, National Distillers, and Frankfort Distilleries--and these companies were allowed to store whiskey and sell it to licensed druggists, who in turn, could mete it out to customers who had a doctors prescription. However, its interesting to look at why so many farmers in the century preceding independence were also distillers. Here, in very simple terms, is how the scam worked: Sometime around 1870, government agents, charged with keeping an eye on how much whiskey was being made, arranged to ignore a certain percentage of the distillate in return for cash in the amount of roughly half the money the distillery would have paid in taxes. This product represents a huge milestone for our distillery and embodies our core mission of blending the best of classic-style spirits with innov But still, there was grain left over. When a movie cowboy orders three fingers of red-eye (although a dictionary will tell you that red-eye is cheap whiskey), he is actually demanding the good stuff--it dont get red until its aged. Since the distillation of beverage alcohol is, in simple terms, the separation of alcohol from water, they were actually performing a form of distillation by freezing instead of heating. In 1830 fewer than 50 miles of railway tracks existed in the United States; 10 years later there were almost 3,000 miles of railroad, and by 1850 you could travel over 9,000 miles on steam-engine trains. But still, no hard cash was changing hands. All was by no means lost, however--good whiskey men never have given up that easily. J. And then came the whiskey scandal. Methyl alcohol has a direct affect on the optic nerve, and as little as one ounce has been known to cause death. Quality and flavor among whiskies in the late 1800s varied widely. In 1942 they introduced Wild Turkey bourbon to the marketplace. 2020 Distilled Spirits Council of the United States | Equal Opportunity Employer | Distilled Spirits Council. But the 1791 tax on American whiskey was, of course, very unpopular among the farmer-distillers. They had no points to pay on the closing, no smooth broker taking a percentage, and no rent to pay until the Revolutionary War ended (The Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783). Another humiliation occurred after Grants re-election in 1872, when Vice President Schuyler Colfax was investigated for taking bribes. In 1882 a distillery by the name of R. B. Hayden and Company fired up its stills to make the first bottles of Old Grand-Dad bourbon. However, the treasury was not to be deterred. Those choosing to give up all forms of booze had their names marked in the register with a T for Total--they were the worlds first tee-totalers. Wine is aged in toasted barrels, and indeed bourbon casks are toasted before they are charred. In 1798 almost 200 Kentucky whiskey men were found guilty of making whiskey without a license (Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, no less, among them). In that year, after further reducing the taxes but still not getting cooperation from the Pennsylvanians, George Washington, for the first time in the history of the United States, rallied federal troops to quell the uprising. Fact is that the distillers needed to store their whiskey in tight or leakproof barrels, and at that time, tight barrels were used to store just about everything from water to molasses to linseed oil to tar. The colonists, however, found an ingenious way of coping with these new taxes--for the most part, they ignored them. Cutter, Chicken Cock and Old Forrester. The idea, in general terms, was to make each industry share the available work among as many people as possible. W. L. Weller (W. L. Weller Bourbon), whose grandfather, Daniel, had owned a distillery in 1800, formed a wholesale whiskey business in 1849, using the slogan "Honest whiskey at an honest price.". Further amendments to the law made it possible to actually distill whiskey (during distilling holidays) that would be used for medicinal purposes. Pardons were offered to anyone who agreed to comply with the law henceforth. But this profession is beloved because it is essential, and it is respected because its pursuit is clothed with an element of danger and with a sporting risk. Indeed, for every 1,000 bushels of corn used to make alcohol, the leftover mash could feed 30 head of cattle and 15 pigs for 112 days, thus producing 1,000 pounds of beef and 240 pounds of pork. But whether or not they were shipping their product in charred casks is highly debatable; we know only that that particular practice became popular in the fifty-some years that followed. The idea was that by attracting newcomers to the town, the surrounding land, owned by the same company, would grow in value. Fortunately, however, the government rethought their actions when they realized that much of the whiskey being consumed at the time wasnt being taxed at all. Rumor had it that McDonald had helped Grant by making sure Sylph left him alone, and if the rumors were true, it was no wonder that Grant allied himself with McDonald. Furthermore, the solids left behind from the distillation process were usable as cattle feed, thus, for farmers, producing whiskey made darned good business sense. Why did Babcock use the name Sylph on the telegrams? However, it is also true that most people of the time thought that all their neighbors were involved in the antics associated with illegal liquor, when in fact, although many drinkers might have kept a bottle at home, the speakeasies were frequented by a relatively small percentage of the population. Taxes have long been the bane of the whiskey businesss existence, and toward the end of the nineteenth century, demand was high for a fair policy that would benefit the country without crippling the entire liquor industry. 7 whiskey won a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition of the 1904 Worlds Fair in St. Louis, and the brand would soon be marketed overseas. In the U.S., almost one million people had signed the pledge by 1840, and the angst about over-consumption continued to grow. The aging factor needs a little more investigation. Browns goal was to assure the public that they would finally know exactly what whiskey was in the bottle. And then theres the sour-mash component. The mail-order business continued, but with not nearly as much spirit as before. As consumers we are lucky that so many good straight American whiskeys are still left in the marketplace. It's a tightly regulated product that must be produced in the United States and has a few distinct characteristics. It wasnt politically correct, it wasnt good for the body, and it was no longer a laughing matter. Even the whiskey bottles had to be made to new government standards that called for thinner glass and no unnecessary designs. David Beam (Jim Beam Bourbon) was working at the Old Tub Distillery in 1850, and his son, David M. Beam became distiller there in 1853. In 1816, a company, registered in New England, incorporated in Kentucky under the name of the Hope Distilling Company; it was a very big venture--many years before its time. one gallon was needed in order to make 64 hand grenades or two 155mm Howitzer shells. 14: And thou shalt bestow that money for whatever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth; and thou shalt eat there before the Lord thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou and thine household., After quoting the passage, Brown commented, The context shows that for the convenience of those living at a distance from the place appointed by God for feasts in His honor, authority was given to sell for money that which was required for tithes and feasts and provide the same at the place appointed by God for His worship. These simple labels say only "Overholt Rye Whiskey" with a year printed in red. However, they had to contend with a certain Dr. Wiley, head of the Bureau of Chemistry, a part of the Department of Agriculture, and a true believer in straight whiskey. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 added Missouri, Arkansas, and parts of Louisiana to the U.S., as well as a huge expanse of land that would eventually become Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, and parts of Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, and Colorado. Leslie Samuels (Makers Mark) reopened his Deatsville distillery in 1933, and sold T. W. Samuels bourbon (named for the first Samuels to open a commercial distillery). Even by 1939 when Charles H. Baker Jr.s excellent book, The Gentlemans Companion, was published, the author noted that vodka was unnecessary to medium or small bars.. Since most people were used to the bold body and heady flavors of good whiskey, gin was far preferable to vodka, a spirit that was virtually unknown in America at the time. 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